Discover insights from thousands of peer-reviewed papers on microbial electrochemical systems
Misbah Tariq, Muhammad Imran, Ali Haider et al.
RSC advances · 2026
This study explores the use of ternary system nanocomposites to degrade methyl orange (MO) dye in water as well as assesses their antibacterial properties. For this purpose, the co-precipitation process was adopted to synthesize strontium oxide (SrO) doped with a fixed amount (3 wt%) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a capping agent, and various weight ratios (2 and 4 wt%) of cesium (Cs) were added to the binary system (PEG-SrO). Advanced characterization techniques were employed to analyze the various properties of the resulting materials. XRD unveiled the cubic crystal structure of SrO, while TEM revealed randomly oriented nanorods in the pristine sample. The optimum sample (2% Cs/PEG-SrO) demonstrated efficient catalytic activity (CA) in degrading MO dye. The 4% Cs/PEG-SrO sample showed significant bactericidal efficacy against Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), exhibiting inhibition zones ranging from 2.05 to 6.15 mm at higher concentrations. Furthermore, the computational findings align with the experimental data, offering strong evidence for the microbial effectiveness of Cs/PEG-SrO in hindering DNA gyrase in E. coli .
Xu Zhong, Xi Liu, Bing Yin et al.
Analytical chemistry · 2026
Oxidative stress has been recognized as a pivotal mechanism for disrupting cellular ion homeostasis and contributes to the pathogenesis of associated conditions, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The real-time and accurate detection of cellular ion concentrations is crucial for understanding oxidative stress-related disease pathogenesis and developing effective interventions. Herein, a multichannel electrochemical sensor was developed to simultaneously detect dynamic changes in extracellular H + , Ca 2+ , K + , and Na + in HepG2 cells within an ALD cell model. This sensor was fabricated based on patterned laser-induced graphite electrodes modified with H + -sensitive polyaniline and Ca 2+ /K + /Na + -selective membranes. Evaluation in buffered solution systems confirmed that the sensor possessed high sensitivity, excellent anti-interference capability, along with good selectivity, reversibility, and stability in detecting all four target ions. When used to monitor extracellular ion dynamics during ethanol-induced oxidative stress and therapeutic processes in HepG2 cells, it revealed the relationship between ethanol-induced extracellular acidification, K + efflux, intracellular Ca 2+ overload, and oxidative stress. It also demonstrated that ion disorders were significantly alleviated by nutritional intervention with fucoxanthin and its targeted derivatives. This sensor provides an efficient tool for studying ion homeostasis imbalance mechanisms in oxidative stress-related disease and holds potential applications in cell metabolism monitoring, as well as the fabrication and application of real-time multi-ion sensors.
Nature communications · 2025
Bio-denitrification is vital in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), yet its integration with naturally abundant thermal energy remains unexplored. Here, we introduce a biohybrid-based pyroelectric bio-denitrification (BHPD) process that harnesses thermoelectric energy from ambient temperature fluctuations. By integrating Thiobacillus denitrificans with tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ), we develop a biohybrid system that achieves complete denitrification over three 5-day cycles under 5 °C temperature fluctuations. WS 2 either precipitates on the cellular surface or is internalized by cells, generating pyroelectric charges that serve as reducing equivalents to drive bio-denitrification. In real wastewater, the BHPD process enhances nitrate removal by up to 8.09-fold under natural temperature fluctuations compared to stable-temperature conditions. Life-cycle assessment demonstrates that the BHPD process has significantly lower environmental impacts than the conventional anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process, and cost analysis confirms its economic feasibility. Our findings highlight the potential of the pyroelectric effect in enhancing bio-denitrification, offering valuable insights for a paradigm shift in WWTPs.
Current microbiology · 2025
The study investigates adaptations of photovoltaic solar panel isolates and their applications. Exiguobacterium aurantiacum (KKOHNGU1) was extracted from a PV solar panel in Patan, Gujarat, India. The objective was to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using E. aurantiacum (KKOHNGU1) to evaluate their potential in environmental remediation, anticancer, and antibacterial activities. MALDI-TOF analysis identified secondary metabolites as stabilizing and reducing agents. AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy (peak at 425 nm), X-ray diffraction (peaks at 27.6°, 32.12°, and 46.06°), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy, shows spherical crystalline AgNPs with a mean size (121.44 nm). AgNPs (15 mg/mL) showed antibacterial activities, especially against S. aureus, with a 17.5 mm zone of inhibition MIC (2-32 µg/mL), and MBC (32-150 µg/mL). The MTT assay revealed anticancer activity of AgNPs on the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line with an IC 50 value of 172.96 µg/mL. A comparative study showed both bacteria and AgNPs had high potential for MB dye removal, with bacteria achieving 73.55% removal within 120 h and AgNPs showing 97.54% removal within 10 min. These results indicate E. aurantiacum and AgNPs have potential for environmental remediation, particularly in wastewater treatment.
Nature communications · 2025
The integration of microbial nitrogen (N 2 ) fixation with photochemical processes using inorganic light-absorbing nanomaterials is a burgeoning field in sustainable energy production. Here, we explore the synergistic combination of inorganic semiconductor nanowires (NWs) with whole-cell microorganisms to create an inorganic-bacterial biohybrid system. Specifically, we employ Cu 2 O@TiO 2 NWs with a core/shell structure to harness sunlight and generate photoexcited electrons. Azotobacter vinelandii, serving as a biocatalyst, adsorbs onto these NWs and facilitates the reception of photoexcited electrons, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the photoelectrochemical N 2 fixation reaction (PEC-NRR). The biohybrid system achieves an impressive ammonia (NH 3 ) yield of (1.49 ± 0.05) × 10 -9   mol s -1  cm -2 (5.36 ± 0.18 μmol h -1  cm -2 ). The enhancement in NH 3 synthesis within the Cu 2 O@TiO 2 NWs/A. vinelandii biohybrid is attributed to the increased concentrations of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-hydrogen (NADH) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), as well as the overexpression of N 2 -fixing genes like nifH and nifD within the nitrogenase enzyme complex. This study underscores the potential of inorganic-bacterial biohybrid systems in solar-chemical conversion, paving the way for more diverse and functional approaches to harnessing solar energy for sustainable chemical production.
Current opinion in biotechnology · 2025
Gas fermentation enables the production of fuels, chemicals, and foods from gaseous carbon sources and could serve as a technology for valorizing carbon that may otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere. In this review, we focus on upstream feedstock considerations: the supply of carbon and the supply of electrical power. Electrical power serves a dual role, providing both process energy and biochemical redox potential (via hydrogen or reduced intermediates). We define gas fermentation as bioprocesses involving gaseous feedstocks metabolized by microbes, distinct from microbial electrosynthesis. Trends in CO 2 point sources and low-carbon electricity systems are analyzed, highlighting opportunities and challenges for future deployment. This review synthesizes current knowledge and identifies key R&D priorities for process integration at industrial scale.
Nature communications · 2026
The circular economy should include CO 2 valorization, which could be achieved via microbial electrosynthesis (MES). In MES, the catholyte supplies all nutrients, yet its composition has been adopted from other biotechnologies, overlooking specific needs of MES. In this Perspective, we examine how catholyte design impacts MES performance at microbial, electrochemical, and process levels. We highlight mismatches in metal availability, electrode interactions, and medium origins. We propose reframing the catholyte as a key design parameter and introduce a decision-making framework for tailored formulation. This strategy has the potential to improve MES performance and serve as model for optimizing media in broader biotechnological applications.
Materials horizons · 2025
The growing demand for sustainable energy and effective wastewater treatment has propelled the advancement of bio-electrochemical systems (BESs), particularly microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). These systems integrate bioelectricity generation with organic and inorganic pollutant degradation, offering a sustainable solution for environmental remediation. However, challenges such as high overpotential, reliance on noble metal electrodes, and inconsistent performance have necessitated innovative improvements. The incorporation of photocatalysis into BESs has led to the development of photo-bio-electrochemical systems (PBESs), including photo-microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) and photo-microbial electrolysis cells (PMECs), which leverage optical energy to enhance efficiency. Carbon-based electrode materials, owing to their high porosity, conductivity, and biocompatibility, have emerged as ideal candidates for improving PBES performance. Advanced carbon nanostructures, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal-graphitic carbon nitride composites, have demonstrated superior photocatalytic properties, promoting enhanced charge separation, CO 2 reduction, hydrogen production, and wastewater treatment. PBES integrating light-activated semiconductor materials with BESs, further amplify pollutant degradation and energy conversion efficiency. Despite significant progress, optimizing electrode materials and improving charge transport remain key challenges for scalable and cost-effective deployment. This review highlights the latest advancements in carbon-based electrodes for PBESs, detailing their mechanisms, photocatalytic properties, and future prospects in sustainable energy production and environmental remediation. By addressing existing material limitations and exploring novel photocatalytic enhancements, this work aims to contribute to the development of next-generation PBESs, fostering circular economy practices and carbon-neutral energy solutions.
Cheng Xiangzhan
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science · 2025
As an independent modern humanities discipline, aesthetics is an essential part of philosophy. Environmental aesthetics is the application of aesthetic theory in the field of environmental studies. Its research objective is the aesthetic appreciation of all kinds of environments (natural and built) and the various things they contain, and it advocates for a view of the harmonious coexistence between people and the environment. Chinese scholars’ contact with environmental aesthetics began in the 1990s. On the one hand, it has been deeply influenced and inspired by Western scholarship, which has provided important references and resources; on the other hand, it is shaped by its specific historical, social, and cultural context, such as the long tradition of Chinese aesthetic appreciation of environments, the awakening of people’s environmental awareness, their increasing attention to environmental issues in China and around the globe, the concepts of “ecological civilizations” and “Beautiful China” as national policies, and so on. All these have effectively prompted Chinese scholars to excavate and reinterpret traditional Chinese environmental aesthetics, consider its contemporary significance, and construct and develop new perspectives. Chinese environmental aesthetics was officially born in 1993 and has had a development history of 30 years as of 2023. After more than 3 decades of academic accumulation and unremitting effort, Chinese scholars have conducted a comprehensive and systematic study of both Western environmental aesthetics and the history of Chinese environmental aesthetics and have thoroughly explored the basic nature, theoretical framework and ideas, core categories, main theses, relations with neighboring fields, practical paths, and future prospects. In particular, different branches of environmental aesthetics such as urban, agricultural, or rural have been explored, as well as identifying and reflecting on the relationship between environmental aesthetics and other related fields such as environmental ethics, ecological aesthetics, and life aesthetics. Different from Western environmental aesthetics, Chinese environmental aesthetics identifies the research objective as “environment appreciation,” constructs the theoretical system as a framework, and then forms the aesthetic model of “what–how–why–how” and the new three-dimensional aesthetic paradigm of “body–mind–environment.” Chinese scholar Chen Wangheng analyzed the “sense of home” implicit in the concept of “environmental beauty” from the perspective of environmental aesthetics. These are all unique theoretical contributions and theoretical values. More importantly, Chinese environmental aesthetics shoulders the mission of promoting the concept of an “ecological civilization,” and its ideological theme should be expanded from the concept of “beautiful China” to “beautiful world” to actively and proactively engage in academic dialogues with Western environmental aesthetics. It also explores and enriches contemporary ecological wisdom and strives to highlight the creativity and cosmopolitan nature of Chinese environmental aesthetics in international environmental aesthetics.
Roldan Muradian
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science · 2024
Environmental economic ethics refers to the moral philosophy underlying the interaction between economic processes and the natural environment. The ethical foundations shaping the way the economy interacts with nature vary greatly, depending on culture and the historical period. Nonetheless, current economic thinking and practice is dominated by utilitarianism, a philosophical stream consolidated in Western culture in the late 18th century. A utilitarian way to conceive and deal with the natural world and other humans can be identified as the ultimate cause of the current global environmental crisis. Even though ecological economics, as a field, has tried to overcome some of the drawbacks of utilitarianism when applied to the study of sustainability problems from an economic perspective, this school of thought remains essentially within the utilitarian paradigm. However, recent changes in social values, moving away from utilitarianism, are creating new opportunities for changing the philosophical and ethical foundations of ecological economics thinking and practice. The global movement for the rights of nature is an example of such a societal shift. An overhaul of the current allocation of rights can be a first step toward less suffering among humans, as well as a more peaceful relationship between humans and the natural environment. The economic implications of adopting the rights of nature paradigm are vast and wide. They include the thriving of new forms of property rights, new ways of allocating responsibilities and liabilities among social groups, and the acknowledgement of the territory as a key dimension for caring about in human economic development.
Environmental Science · 2017
The biogeochemical cycle of carbon (C) in the earth system controls fluxes, pools, and transformations associated with life’s most fundamental element. As the most basic building block for all living organisms, organically bound C forms the basis for the overwhelming majority of food chains in ecosystems and global energy flows. The uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) by autotrophic organisms and photosynthetic transformation of light energy into chemical energy enables conversion of atmospheric CO2 into structural materials for living organisms and ultimately fossil fuels. In the earth system, C exists in different forms and reservoirs, including gaseous, dissolved, and solid forms distributed and continually exchanged among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and aquatic spheres. The most important gaseous forms of C include CO2 and methane (CH4). The liquid phase includes different species of C found in water, including (1) dissolved CO2 and carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its intermediates, (2) dissolved organic compounds (molecules <0.45 µm in size), (3) suspended organic and inorganic colloids/particles (typically >10s nm) containing C, and (4) raw oil. The solid phase comprises C (1) in rocks of organic and inorganic origin, in sedimentary rocks and sediments including coal, (2) on and in soils in the form of carbonates, (3) in dead not dissolved or suspended organic compounds, and (4) in the living biomass of microorganisms, plants, and animals. The C in the atmosphere, terrestrial, and aquatic systems can be characterized according to the amount of C stored in a given reservoir, its mean residence time (i.e., the time needed to exchange each C atom of the considered system or subsystem at least once), and the physical or chemical state of C in a given reservoir or as it exchanges among reservoirs. Different systems can be subdivided into active and inactive drivers of C dynamics based on the C mean residence times. Under natural conditions, almost the entire C stored in sediments or sedimentary rocks, for example, is considered to be inactive with mean residence times longer than 1,000 years. Contrastingly, the C stored in the atmosphere, surface oceans, plant biomass, and soil organic material in the soil is relatively active with residence times ranging from seconds to centuries. However, anthropogenic extractions of fossil fuel C from global sedimentary deposits, for example, have demonstrated how inactive C reservoirs can be rapidly transformed into highly active drivers of global C dynamics.
Environmental Science · 2022
Digital Earth is a comprehensive multidisciplinary research area, covering earth science, space science, information science, and computer science and technology. Digital Earth was originally described as a multiresolution, three-dimensional visual representation of Earth that would help humankind take advantage of geo-referenced information on physical and social environments. With more than two decades advancement, Digital Earth technology has been developed to monitor, model, and analyze the Earth with a multidimensional, multiscale, multitemporal, and multilayered information system in terms of various aspects of human societies. Digital Earth also serves as a common platform supporting domestic and international cooperation for global sustainable development, climate change, and disaster mitigation. It has become a new growth point of the social economy and of social welfare. This article gives an overview of how Digital Earth technologies have been developed, and how it has been applied in different domains and at regional/national scales during the last two decades. Through this article, the aim is to provide researchers with a comprehensive instruction in understanding the Digital Earth discipline.
Environmental Science · 2021
Permafrost is permanently frozen ground that remains continuously below 0 °C for two or more years. The upper level of permafrost, the permafrost table, can occur within a centimeter of the ground surface or at a depth of several meters. The active layer, which thaws each summer, overlies permafrost. Permafrost underlies about a quarter of the northern hemisphere and can form in sediment or bedrock and on land or under the ocean. Permafrost forms incrementally and, in the regions where it is up to 1 km thick, permafrost can represent thousands of years of formation. Permafrost is present at high latitudes and high altitudes. In these regions, permafrost can be described as continuous, discontinuous, sporadic, or isolated. Continuous permafrost forms at mean annual air temperatures below -5 °C and is laterally continuous, regardless of surface aspect or material. Discontinuous permafrost forms where the mean annual air temperature is between -2 and -4 °C, allowing permafrost to persist in 50 to 90 percent of the landscape. Permafrost is sporadic where 10 to <50 percent of the landscape is underlain by permafrost and mean annual air temperature is between 0 and -2 °C. Permafrost is considered isolated where less than 10 percent of the landscape is underlain by permafrost. When it is present, permafrost creates unique conditions. Permafrost forms an impermeable layer beneath the active layer, for example, which limits the rooting depth of plants and prevents infiltration by water during the summer. The lack of deep infiltration can facilitate formation of extensive wetlands in high-latitude areas that receive relatively little precipitation. Permafrost degradation (thaw) creates diverse environmental hazards, including instability of the ground surface that affects infrastructure and fluxes of water, sediment, and organic matter entering rivers, lakes and oceans. Permafrost degradation releases frozen microbes, some of which are pathogens, and organic carbon. Permafrost degradation also influences the geographic range of plants and animals and thus ecosystem processes and biotic communities. The greatest concern with permafrost degradation at present, however, is the potential for releasing significant carbon into the atmosphere. Globally, soils are the largest terrestrial reservoir of carbon and permafrost soils are the single largest component of the carbon reservoir. Carbon released by degrading permafrost can enter the atmosphere as the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane, or the carbon can be taken up by plants or transported by rivers to the ocean and buried in marine sediments. The balance among these different pathways is largely unknown, but carbon release to the atmosphere presents a serious threat as a mechanism to enhance global warming.
Environmental Science · 2021
During the past decade the number of citizen science projects around the world has surged. Today there are thousands of initiatives catalogued in databases such as SciStarter.org and EU-Citizen.science, enterprises of which the majority are directly or indirectly linked to scientific research projects. However, citizen science is not a completely novel way of conducting collaborative research; it has been around since the beginning of the scientific revolution and historical data collected by volunteers from the 19th century is used in contemporary research. While citizen science has been most widely used in biodiversity research, conservation, and environmental sciences in need of large-scale observations and monitoring, the approach has today entered a very diverse set of disciplines ranging from the humanities and the social sciences to geography, astronomy, epidemiology, and do-it-yourself technology research. This is largely a consequence of the recent rise and diffusion of digital technologies and communities, notably the Zooniverse.org platform, which makes online classificatory citizen science projects possible at a feasible cost and with a low barrier for mass participation. Consequently, citizen science as a method for collecting and classifying data is in its current state a research design applicable to more or less any empirical line of inquiry. However, volunteer participation in science requires additional considerations to be made that address issues such as the quality of data collected or classified by nonscientists, research ethics concerning attribution and participation in the research design, and ownership of data and results. Furthermore, the expectations of impact may differ between the scientific goals and the participating public’s desire for changes in, for example, environmental policy or species conservation. In 2016 the journal Citizen Science Theory and Practice was launched by the Citizen Science Association, in which current research on the phenomenon is published.
Ryan Morrison, Erin Bray
Environmental Science · 2019
Environmental flows are commonly defined as the river-flow characteristics necessary to maintain the integrity of riverine ecosystems. The concept of environmental flows has evolved over the past half-century, beginning with the development of minimum instream flows necessary to protect a single fish species to current frameworks for holistically including all aspects of river health that depend on natural flow regimes. This also includes the interaction of terrestrial environments with riverine ecosystems during large flooding events. The challenges associated with defining and implementing environmental flows are numerous, and they sometimes lack data necessary to define flow-ecology relationships, appropriate temporal and spatial scales for environmental flow applications, and incorporate environmental flows into water management policy. Given these challenges, researchers and practitioners have made incredible advances in better understanding the relationships between river health and flow dynamics, including the links among flow, sediment, temperature, and human activities. In addition, computational advances have allowed researchers to more accurately model flow-habitat relationships at fine scales, providing a more complete understanding of the connection between flow and habitat needs for riverine species. All these advances benefit from holistic frameworks that guide environmental flow development and applications while considering the needs of other water uses in a river system. This article presents relevant studies regarding approaches for developing environmental flows, relationships between riverine ecology and flow dynamics, and policy frameworks and tools useful for implementing environmental flows in practice.
Biotechnology Journal · 2011
Abstract Cover illustration: The Asian Federation of Biotechnology (AFOB, http://www.afob.org ) was established to promote cooperation between all those interested in biotechnology in Asia and stimulate innovation and technology transfer with the goal of advancing biotechnology in Asia and the rest of the world. BTJ continues its cooperation with AFOB and Asian Congress on Biotechnology (ACB‐2011), with a special issue of articles from selected invited speakers at the congress, edited by Jian‐Jiang Zhong (Chair ACB‐2011 Organizing Committee; SJTU, China), and Sang Yup Lee (BTJ's Editor‐in‐Chief; KAIST, Korea). Read the Editorial: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/201100445
Sophie Duquesne, Michael O’Donohue
Biotechnology Journal · 2012
Abstract Cover illustration Industrial biotechnology. Renewable biomass can be used as a raw material for the production of various chemicals, fuels and materials in a cost‐effective manner by employing metabolically engineered high performance microorganisms. This cover art shows production of biobutanol from renewable biomass by employing engineered clostridia (see the article by Jang et al. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biot.201100059 ). The cover picture was created by Prof. Sang Yup Lee and Dr. Yu Sin Jang at KAIST, Korea.
Biotechnology Journal · 2013
Abstract Cover illustration This Special Issue of Biotechnology Journal is edited by Prof. Eva Stöger and covers the latest breakthroughs in plant biotechnology. The cover image shows genetically modified corn producing an anti‐HIV antibody along with DsRed as a visual marker. Image courtesy of Dr. Thomas Rademacher (RWTH and Fraunhofer IME, Aachen, Germany). Border around image: © boulemon – Fotolia.com.
Biotechnology Journal · 2013
Abstract Cover illustration Special Issue: International Biotechnology . Efforts to develop biotechnological strategies for various applications have reached a global scale as indicated by the diverse international representation at the IBS2012 organized by the Asian Federation of Biotechnology (AFOB). For this special issue's cover, one such useful technique – the rapid gene knockout method – is schematically shown: a series of outer grey arrows represent the multiple steps required for conventional gene knockout experiments, while the inner green arrow represents the rapid gene knockout method; the steam‐engine and the bullet train are used to further illustrate the difference. Image provided by Sang Yup Lee and Chan Woo Song (KAIST, Korea).
· 2019
<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This document will focus on the language used to describe batteries at the end of battery or vehicle life as batteries are transitioned to the recycler, dismantler, or other third party. This document also provides a compilation of current recycling technologies and flow sheets, and their application to different battery chemistries at the end of battery life. At the time of document authorship, the technical information cited is most applicable to Li-ion battery type rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS), but the language used is not to be limited by chemistry of the battery systems and is generally applicable to other RESS.</div></div>
· 2024
<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This document provides a recommended electrical performance testing guideline for LIBM, which makes up an xEV (Battery Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles) battery pack system. This testing guideline may also be used for other applications, such as stationary, vessel, and aircraft. However, using the guideline for other applications should be determined by the users of this document.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Users of this document may also be interested in conducting tests on battery cells and/or battery packs. To avoid conducting potentially redundant tests between cells, modules, and packs, this document does not specify which tests need to be conducted. Determination of which tests need to be conducted is at the user’s discretion and should be based on individual module applications. Rather than specifying which tests need to be conducted, this document describes how each test is to be conducted.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This document provides a matrix of tests that can be selectively picked for the application requirements in order to standardize testing procedures for their specific application needs. Performance values from the tests in this document can be for comparative purposes, confirmation, and other reasons. However, pass/fail criteria are not part of this document. It is up to the customer and supplier to determine what the pass/fail criteria are. If the measured value is to be used to determine battery module ratings, the tested modules should be representative of those to be manufactured.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">LIBM consists of multiple cells grouped and electrically interconnected in various series and parallel configurations - typically noted as “XXP XXS.” Fully functional LIBM shall have a battery monitoring system to allow for the proper control and operation of individual cell voltage and module temperature monitoring. The LIBM configuration shall accommodate for cell compression, retention, thermal heat transferal, electrical isolation, and a hold-down method.</div></div>
· 2025
<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The scope of this information report is battery packs containing lithium-ion battery cells with liquid electrolyte, focusing on automotive applications like passenger cars and trucks. Considering different operating conditions as well as durability and safety requirements, some of its contents might provide guidance for other applications. The same applies to battery cell chemistries not covered in this report (e.g., sodium-ion or solid-state battery cells).</div></div>
Ευαγγελία Ιωαννίδου
· 2020
Στην παρούσα διατριβή αναπτύχθηκαν και μελετήθηκαν κεραμo-μεταλλικοί ηλεκτροκαταλύτες/ηλεκτρόδια με βάση την εμπορικά διαθέσιμη σκόνη NiO/GDC (65 wt.% NiO – 35 wt.% Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-x). Η τελευταία τροποποιήθηκε με χημικές μεθόδους με σκοπό την προσθήκη FexOy, Au ή/και MoOx. Οι τροποποιημένοι ηλεκτροκαταλύτες χρησιμοποιήθηκαν σε μοναδιαίες κυψελίδες ηλεκτρόλυσης στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη (SOECs) ως ηλεκτρόδια καυσίμου (καθόδου). Σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις των υλικών πραγματοποιήθηκε φυσικοχημικός χαρακτηρισμός με διάφορες τεχνικές, καθώς και μελέτη της οξειδωτικής τους συμπεριφοράς παρουσία Η2Ο και CO2. Παράλληλα, από τις παραπάνω σκόνες παρασκευάστηκε κατάλληλη πάστα, η οποία εναποτέθηκε σε στερεούς ηλεκτρολύτες 8ΥSZ (ZrO2 σταθεροποιημένη με 8 mol% Y2O3) με τη μέθοδο εναπόθεσης με τελάρο (screen printing). Τα παραγόμενα ηλεκτρόδια Ni/GDC, 3 wt.% Αu-Ni/GDC, 3 wt.% Μο-Ni/GDC, 3 wt.% Au − 3wt.% Mo-Ni/GDC και 2 wt.% Fe-Ni/GDC μελετήθηκαν καταλυτικά, χωρίς την επιβολή ρεύματος, σε συνθήκες συν-ηλεκτρόλυσης Η2Ο/CO2 για την αντίστροφη αντίδραση μετατόπισης με ατμό (RWGS), στο θερμοκρασιακό εύρος 800-900 οC, με ανάλυση αερίων προϊόντων/αντιδρώντων. Ο ηλεκτροχημικός χαρακτηρισμός πραγματοποιήθηκε σε κυψελίδες SOECs, δύο ηλεκτροδίων, με ηλεκτρόδιο οξυγόνου τον εμπορικά διαθέσιμο περοβσκίτη LSCoF (La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ) σε επαφή με στερεό ηλεκτρολύτη CeO2(Gd2O3)|ZrO2(8 mol% Y2O3). Μετρήσεις πυκνότητας ρεύματος-δυναμικού (i-V), ηλεκτροχημικής εμπέδησης (ΕΙS) και αέριας χρωματογραφίας (GC) συνδυάστηκαν, κατά περίπτωση, για τις διεργασίες ηλεκτρόλυσης του Η2Ο και συν-ηλεκτρόλυσης Η2Ο και CO2. Σκοπός ήταν η αξιολόγηση της ενεργότητας των τροποποιημένων ηλεκτροκαταλυτών και η μελέτη των παραπάνω ηλεκτροχημικών διεργασιών, στο θερμοκρασιακό εύρος 800-900 οC, για συγκεκριμένα μίγματα He-Η2Ο-Η2 και He-Η2Ο-CO2-Η2. Υποδεικνύεται άμεση συσχέτιση της δραστικότητας των δειγμάτων για την αντίδραση του Η2Ο με το Ni και της επακόλουθης οξείδωσής τους με την ηλεκτροχημική τους ενεργότητα. Το H2O, εκτός από το αντιδρών στη διεργασία ηλεκτρόλυσης, λειτουργεί ταυτόχρονα ως πιθανός παράγοντας απενεργοποίησης του Ni/GDC. Η τροποποίηση του Ni/GDC με 3 wt.% Au − 3 wt.% Mo ενίσχυσε την ανθεκτικότητα του ηλεκτροδίου στην οξείδωση από Η2Ο και βελτίωσε την ηλεκτροχημική του ενεργότητα. Ο επιφανειακός εμπλουτισμός με χρυσό, σε συνδυασμό με τον εμπλουτισμό της κύριας μάζας με μολυβδαίνιο, φαίνεται να οδηγεί σε ασθενέστερη αλληλεπίδραση των ροφημένων ειδών H2Oads με το ηλεκτρόδιο. Επίσης, ο σίδηρος αποδείχθηκε υποσχόμενος τροποποιητής του NiΟ/GDC έχοντας τη δυναμική να αντικαταστήσει ή/και να μειώσει τη φόρτιση σε χρυσό. Συγκεκριμένα, η τροποποίηση του Ni/GDC με 0.5 wt.% Fe βελτίωσε την ηλεκτροχημική του ενεργότητα. Από την άλλη πλευρά, η αλληλεπίδραση Ni και Fe, μέσω του σχηματισμού κράματος Ni-Fe, φαίνεται να ενισχύει το δεσμό ρόφησης του H2Ο επιταχύνοντας δυνητικά την υποβάθμιση του Ni/GDC σε κυψελίδες SOECs. Η μελέτη της RWGS αντίδρασης έδειξε ότι οι ηλεκτροκαταλύτες 2 wt.% Fe-Ni/GDC και 3 wt.% Mo-Ni/GDC παρουσίασαν τη βέλτιστη καταλυτική δραστικότητα για την παραγωγή CO. Η βελτιωμένη ενεργότητα των παραπάνω δειγμάτων συσχετίστηκε με την ισχυρότερη ρόφηση του CO2 και επακόλουθη δραστικότητα για την αντίδραση του CO2 με την τροποποιημένη επιφάνεια Ni. Ταυτόχρονα όμως, τα δείγματα αυτά ήταν και τα πιο επιρρεπή στην οξείδωση τόσο από το CO2 όσο και από το Η2Ο.Η μελέτη της ηλεκτροκαταλυτικής παραγωγής CΟ κατά τη συν-ηλεκτρόλυση Η2Ο/CO2 σε κυψελίδα Ni-GDC||YSZ||GDCbarrier|LSCoF έδειξε οτι η διεργασία αυτή εξαρτάται από τον λόγο pH2O/pCO2 και την pH2. Συγκεκριμένα, σε συνθήκες αντίδρασης όπου pΗ2Ο/pCO2 = 1 και pΗ2 = 21 kPa φαίνεται να λαμβάνει χώρα μόνο η ηλεκτρόλυση του Η2Ο και η επακόλουθη αύξηση της pΗ2 σε συνδυασμό με τη μείωση της pH2O μετατοπίζει την RWGS αντίδραση προς την καταλυτική παραγωγή CO. Από την άλλη μεριά, η ηλεκτροχημική αναγωγή του CO2 λαμβάνει χώρα σε συνθήκες αντίδρασης όπου pΗ2Ο/pCO2 < 1 και η έκταση αυτής της διεργασίας εξαρτάται σε μεγάλο βαθμό από την pΗ2. Σε συνθήκες όπου pH2O/pCO2 ≤ 0.3 και παρουσία χαμηλής pΗ2 = 2 kPa, η καταλυτική παραγωγή του CO περιορίζεται από την θερμοδυναμική ισορροπία της RWGS αντίδρασης και το παραγόμενο CO προέρχεται από την ηλεκτρόλυση του CO2. Η κυψελίδα κατά την ηλεκτροχημική αναγωγή του CO2 παρουσίασε υψηλότερες υπερτάσεις και σημαντικά υψηλότερες τιμές αντίστασης πόλωσης επιβεβαιώνοντας την ενεργειακή δυσκολία της συγκεκριμένης διεργασίας συγκριτικά με την ηλεκτρόλυση του Η2Ο.
Marta Ivaskevych
The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research · 2025
In this study, we investigated whether electrolysis is a more effective method of hair removal in clients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) than laser hair removal. A total of 203 women with PCOS who completed a full course of electrolysis between 2021 and 2025 were examined. The study focused on hormonal sensitive facial areas ( chin, cheeks, upper lip, sideburns), were traditional light-based treatments usually fail. We compared clinical outcomes, safety, cost, and client satisfaction. Electrolysis has repeatedly shown superior efficacy for permanent hair removal, particularly in hormonally sensitive facial areas for all skin types. Laser hair removal in clients with polycystic ovary syndrome was reported to cause paradoxical hair growth (paradoxical hypertrichosis). Although electrolysis required more treatment sessions, it ultimately offered a more reliable, cost-effective, and permanent solution. Based on our findings, we prioritize electrolysis over laser hair removal when planning the treatment of facial hirsutism associated with polycystic ovary syndrome.
· 2015
<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This Standard provides background information and a hydrogen fuel quality standard for commercial proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell vehicles. This Report also provides background information on how this standard was developed by the Hydrogen Quality Task Force (HQTF) of the Interface Working Group (IWG) of the SAE Fuel Cell Standards Committee.</div> </div>
Md Shamsuddin Sultan Khan, Samia Haque, Md. Fakruddin
Microbial Bioactives · 2023
Breast cancer remains a significant global health concern, necessitating innovative approaches for its treatment. Using bacteria as vehicles for therapeutic delivery has emerged as a promising strategy. As a group of prokaryotic microorganisms, bacteria have great potential for use in cancer therapy. Thus, strategies for treating breast cancer need to be continuously refined to achieve a better patient outcome. This manuscript explores the potential of bacterial-based therapies for breast cancer treatment, elucidating the mechanisms underlying their application, safety considerations, and recent advancements. Nevertheless, notable challenges in bacterial-based cancer treatments include potential cytotoxicity, incomplete cancer cell lysis, and the risk of genomic mutations. With an emphasis on engineering bacteria to target and deliver therapeutic agents specifically to tumor sites, this manuscript provides insights into the future of personalized, precise, and effective breast cancer treatment.
Advance in Environmental Waste Management & Recycling · 2021
Greywater is a wastewater discharge originating from kitchen sinks, showers, baths, washing machines and dishwashers. Properly treated greywater can be recycled to meet global water shortages that is expected to affect 2.7 billion people around the world by 2025. Global water shortage can result in a reduction in agricultural land and increased dissertation leading to poverty, faming, war, illegal migration and human trafficking. Greywater contains fewer pathogens than domestic wastewater, is generally safer to handle and easier to treat and reuse onsite for toilet flushing, landscape and crop irrigation. Recycling of grey water provides substantial benefits for both the water supply system by reducing the demand for fresh clean water, and for the wastewater system by reducing the amount of wastewater required to be conveyed and disposed of. In this paper, the existing biological treatment systems for greywater are reviewed. These are: (a) constructed wet land, (b) sequencing batch reactor, (c) vertical flow bioreactor, (d) membrane bioreactor, (e) up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, (f) rotating biological contractors, (g) trickling filters, (h) aerated lagoons, (i) anaerobic up-flow filter, and (j) expanded bed up-floe reactor. In a biological treatment, the degradation and transformation of greywater constituents are facilitated by the biochemical reactions carried out by microorganisms in the liquid medium. However, the effluent of biologically treated greywater may contain pathogenic microorganisms, requiring a final disinfection step to eliminate the risk of contracting pathogenic diseases. Selection criteria for a disinfectant include: (a) non-toxicity to humans, domesticated animals, and aquatic ecosystems, (b) low cost (c) easy handling, (d) reliable analysis, and (e) a satisfactory residual concentration. Any disinfection process selected (whether chemical oxidants or irradiation treatment is selected) should be evaluated taken into consideration the conditions of the wastewater source and existing biological treatment design.
Committee D-19
Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water · 1960
This method covers the determination of oily matter content of industrial waste water. Note 1.—The Joint Committee on Uniformity of Methods of Water Examination has concluded that uniformity of methods for the determination of grease and oily matter is not practical on the basis of present technical knowledge. Commonly used solvents are hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride. These solvents exert selective extraction of specific greases and oily constituents. In addition, nonoily materials, such as phenolic type material and colloidal sulfur, are selectively extracted to varying degrees by these solvents. The selectivity of extraction is affected by the sample-to-solvent ratio. Oily matter and grease may be of mineral, animal, or vegetable origin. The solvent action exerted on material of such different chemical structure will vary to a marked degree. Thus application of a test method for oily matter or grease to such materials will necessarily produce a variety of results depending on the solvent used. In one case, a solvent may be an excellent extractant of mineral oil and a poor extractant of vegetable oil. In another case, a second solvent may be a poor extractant for mineral oil but excellent for extracting vegetable oil. The definition of grease and oily matter by necessity is based on the procedure used because of the above considerations. The source of the grease or oily matter, the solvent used, the sample-to-solvent ratio, the pH of the sample, and the inclusion of nonoily matter will dictate the material determined and influence the interpretation of the results obtained.
Emem Archibong Ekong, Archibong, N Mosier et al.
Biomedical Science and Clinical Research · 2023
This research was carried out to make use of water hyacinth to produce which may solve the problem of water hyacinth management as well as provide solution to the energy and power shortages. Samples of water-hyacinth were identified and collected and the cow dung was obtained from an abattoir. One (1) single 120 of improvised rubber cylinder can be used as an anaerobic. Three (3) of water was added for the 30 days retention time. The cow dung was mixed with water at a ratio of 3 : 1. The slurry of cow dung and water hyacinth substrates was then fed to the for the fermentation process to begin. Experiments were carried out during the cool season and dry season (20– 40◦C). The gas was collected and stored in the gas bag. The volume of was measured using an EL- STER HANDEL GMBH MAINZ volumetric meter, which has a limit of detection of less than 0.0010m3. The products obtained from the anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth were the compost that is removed from the at the end of the digestion process. The study’s evaluation of production potential over a 30 days period revealed marked seasonal variations in. The study revealed that it is possible to produce from a mixture of water hyacinth and cow dung. The facility’s yield of 1 kg of gas was collected. The study thereof revealed that the higher the dilution level and presence of cow dung, the higher the production yields.
JK Rice
Symposium on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water · 1957
A study of a number of water or waste treating operations using the new organic flocculants and flocculation aids shows that these new materials are capable of increasing by as much as 100 per cent the capacity of water or waste treating equipment. In many instances the quality of the treated effluent can also be improved. Under some circumstances the use of these materials will allow a tenfold reduction in the total amount of treating chemicals to be fed. It is certain that as more operating experience is obtained using these polymers new equipment will be designed to take maximum advantage of the desirable properties they impart to the dispersed matter in water.
Committee D-19
Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water · 1960
(a) This method covers the measurement of gamma radioactivity of industrial water and industrial waste water. It is applicable to gamma emitters in the energy range above 0.1 Mev and in the concentration range of 10−2to10−5 microcuries per milliliter of radioactively homogeneous water. (b) The method can be used for either absolute or relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be expressed by comparison with an initial concentration which is taken as 100 per cent. For radioassay it may be expressed in terms of a known isotopic standard if the radionuclides concerned are known or it may be expressed arbitrarily in terms of some other standard such as cesium-137. General information on radioactivity and measurement of radiation has been published.
Committee D-19
Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water · 1960
(a) This method covers the separation of chloroform-extractable matter from industrial water and industrial waste water, and the gravimetric determination of that portion of the extract which is not lost upon evaporation of the chloroform. This residue may contain one or more members of several classes of compounds, among which are heavy-oils and fats, trace amounts of phenols, rubber and certain resins, asphaltenes and carbenes, and decomposition products of tannin. (b) This method is applicable to the determination of heavy oils in industrial water and industrial waste water. It is not intended to determine materials that volatilize under the conditions of test nor to determine specific oils, greases, and organic compounds. When such information is desired, the residue obtained by this method may be subjected to further extraction with specific solvents agreed upon by the interested parties. Note 1.—The Joint Committee on Uniformity of Methods of Water Examination has concluded that uniformity of methods for the determination of grease and oily matter is not practical on the basis of present technical knowledge. Commonly used solvents are hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride. These solvents exert selective extraction of specific greases and oily constituents. In addition, nonoily materials, such as phenolic type material and colloidal sulfur, are selectively extracted to varying degrees by these solvents. The selectivity of extraction is affected by the sample-to-solvent ratio. Oily matter and grease may be of mineral, animal, or vegetable origin. The solvent action exerted on material of such different chemical structure will vary to a marked degree. Thus, application of a test method for oily matter or grease to such materials will necessarily produce a variety of results depending on the solvent used. In one case, a solvent may be an excellent extractant of mineral oil and a poor extractant of vegetable oil. In another case, a second solvent may be a poor extractant for mineral oil but excellent for extracting vegetable oil. The definition of grease and oily matter by necessity is based on the procedure used because of the above considerations. The source of the grease or oily matter, the solvent used, the sample-to-solvent ratio, the pH of the sample, and the inclusion of nonoily matter will dictate the material determined and influence the interpretation of the results obtained.
Committee D-19
Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water · 1960
(a) This method covers the colorimetric determination of zinc in industrial water and industrial waste water. Interferences from many metals are eliminated or minimized in this method. (b) A large portion of precipitated or suspended zinc is dissolved and measured in the test when a shaken sample is analyzed. Total zinc will be determined if insoluble zinc compounds are solubilized by acid treatment as given in Note 2. Dissolved zinc is determined on a filtered sample.
Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water · 1960
Industrial water always contains impurities consisting of substances present in the supply water or added, intentionally or unintentionally, during its use. The character and quantity of the impurities depend on the environmental and service conditions to which the water is exposed. Methods of analysis applicable to both industrial supply or process waters and to industrial waste waters are discussed in this chapter. The difference between the two types of waters is often only academic. In fact, waste water from one industrial process may become the supply water for another process. Industrial supply or process waters may contain higher concentrations of some constituents than some industrial waste waters. From the analytical standpoint, the same methods can often be used for both types of waters. Selection of constituents to be measured and methods of analysis for supply waters is based on the need for determining the suitability of the supply for a process use. Similarly, selection of constituents to be measured and the methods of analysis for waste water is based on determining the suitability of the water for reuse, disposal, or treatment prior to disposal.
Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water · 1960
The purification of water for industrial use can be very complex or relatively simple, depending upon the properties of the raw water and the degree of purity required. There are many methods and combinations in use, but all are covered in three basic processes: physical, chemical, and physicochemical treatment. A fourth basic process, biological treatment, is often employed where waste water must be purified before it may be discharged. This process takes advantage of the ability of living micro-organisms to induce a variety of chemical and physicochemical reactions. Treatment of waste water is usually a much more complicated operation than the production of process water of appropriate quality. This chapter discusses these processes as they are used in the treatment of industrial water and waste water and outlines some of the technical problems and basic considerations involved.
Advance in Environmental Waste Management & Recycling · 2020
In this study it was aimed to treat the Olive mill effluent wastewater using different sequential treatment processes namely anaerobic and aerobic biological processes, sonication and photo degradation with Nano SiO2 under sun ligth power. The maximum total COD yields were 60 % and 66 % in the anaerobic and aerobic reactor, respectively, while the total COD yield in the sequential biologic reactor was 86 %.The maximum COD yields in the sonicator was 53 % after 45 min retention time. No removal of COD was observed via photolysis and adsorption. The maximum photo catalytic removal of COD was 40 % at a nano SO2 concentration of 0,5 mg/l after 10-60 min. After RO the COD yield was approximately 100% while to yields of total phenol, TN, TP, dissolved COD and DSS were 96.6%, 99.3%, 99.98%, and 99.97%, respectively. The cost to treat 1 m3 of OMW was 1.033 €. The effluent of RO can be used as irrigation water.
Ashwani K. Gupta, Ronald W. Breault
International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment · 2023
Preface for the Special issue from the Clearwater 2022 Clean energy that has 15 papers
Yohei Suzuki, Y. Kitazumi, Osamu Shirai et al.
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry · 2025
Membrane-bound heterotrimeric d-fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) from Gluconobacter japonicus exhibits distinct direct electron transfer (DET)-type bioelectrocatalytic activity. FDH contains three heme c moieties (heme 1c, 2c, and 3c), and the two downsized variants lacking heme 1c moiety (Δ1c FDH) or heme 1c and 2c moieties (Δ1c2c FDH) were constructed in our previous research. Recently, we elucidated the entire structure of FDH, enabling a structural perspective in mechanistic discussions. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the downsizing effect of Δ1c- and Δ1c2c-deletion on DET-type bioelectrocatalysis. Non-catalytic redox signals of adsorbed enzymes were successfully obtained, providing a basis for independently evaluating kinetic parameters from DET-type catalytic waves. Analytical results revealed that the downsizing enhanced the electron transfer rate constant by 7-fold and 4-fold for Δ1c FDH and Δ1c2c FDH, respectively. Furthermore, the acceleration factors were discussed using structural predictions of the variants.
Zeting Jiao, Lichuan Kuang, Jiajun Gong et al.
New Journal of Chemistry · 2024
Cationic acridine dyes enhanced mediated bioelectrocatalysis of glucose oxidase, and their binding interactions were analyzed using fluorescence quenching and docking simulation.
Naga Sirisha Parimi, Ramaraja P. Ramasamy
ECS Meeting Abstracts · 2011
Abstract not Available.