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634 papers · MFC · OTHER · MEC · REVIEW · MES · MSC · MERC · MBES · MDC · FUNDAMENTAL · MNRC · MMRC · MESNORK · not_BES · MCDI · MEFS · updated 2026-05-11

Violations are claims our physics-constraint checker flagged as impossible. Opportunities are parameter combinations our priors predict will work but no paper has tried. Anomalies are statistical outliers — either errors or breakthroughs. Click any card to see the source paper.

Physics Violations

(89)
HIGH
OTHER

Enhancing bioelectricity generation with Aloe vera-based plant microbial fuel cells: a performance and optimization study

Çek et al. · 2025 · rule: power_identity

Reported peak power doesn't match V·I from the same operating point. Reported peak P exceeds even the OCV-based upper bound; cell voltage at peak would have to exceed OCV (impossible).

In contrast, the Aloe vera-based P-MFC demonstrated a significantly higher peak power density, reaching up to 1100 mW/m2. Despite this high peak value, the primary distribution of power density for the Aloe vera-based P-MFC was concentrated within the range of approximately 300 m

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thoughtP = V × ILOWz=+0.69▸ expand

inputs

  • openCircuitVoltage:0.092 V(OCV used (no cell voltage in conditionSet))
  • currentDensity:0.065 A/m²
  • powerDensity:1.10 W/m²

computation

  1. No cell/operating voltage in this conditionSet — fallback to OCV-based upper bound.
  2. OCV = 0.092 V
  3. Current density = 0.065 A/m²
  4. Upper bound P_max ≤ V_oc · I (peak operating V is at most V_oc).V_oc·I = 0.092·0.065 = 0.00598 W/m²
  5. Observed P = 1.1 W/m²; ratio = 1.8e+02× the upper bound.

why this confidence

  • Fell back to OCV upper bound (no operating cell voltage available).
  • Observed/predicted = 1.8e+02×; log-ratio = 2.26.

bayesian context

z = 0.69 vs OTHER posterior (n=23 papers, mu=0.234, log-sigma=0.97)

HIGH
OTHER

Low electric current in a bioelectrochemical system facilitates ethanol production from CO using CO-enriched mixed culture

Im et al. · 2024 · rule: ce_bounds

Coulombic efficiency exceeds 100% — physically impossible. Reported as % but exceeds 100.

The highest CE observed at day 3 from the 10 mA applied reactor was 148% ± 29% when acetate and ethanol were considered, and 212% ± 40% when also including H2 (Figure 5).

+4 more violations on this paper

chain of thought0 ≤ CE ≤ 100%HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency:212 %

computation

  1. Reported CE = 212 %
  2. Physical bound: 0 ≤ CE ≤ 100 %.
  3. Observed exceeds bound by 2.1× — likely fraction-vs-percent unit confusion.

why this confidence

  • CE = 212 % > bound of 100.0.
HIGH
OTHER

Performance investigation of Aloe vera plant-based microbial fuel cell using anode constructed of carbonized Ipomoea carnea.

Sonu et al. · 2024 · rule: power_identity

Reported peak power doesn't match V·I from the same operating point. Reported peak P exceeds even the OCV-based upper bound; cell voltage at peak would have to exceed OCV (impossible).

The highest power output of the PMFC with a carbonized Ipomoea carnea anode was 260 mW/m2, which was 186.1 mW/m2 more than the carbon rod anode.

chain of thoughtP = V × ILOWz=+0.05▸ expand

inputs

  • openCircuitVoltage:0.73 V(OCV used (no cell voltage in conditionSet))
  • currentDensity:0.0013 A/m²
  • powerDensity:0.26 W/m²

computation

  1. No cell/operating voltage in this conditionSet — fallback to OCV-based upper bound.
  2. OCV = 0.726 V
  3. Current density = 0.00134 A/m²
  4. Upper bound P_max ≤ V_oc · I (peak operating V is at most V_oc).V_oc·I = 0.726·0.00134 = 0.000973 W/m²
  5. Observed P = 0.26 W/m²; ratio = 2.7e+02× the upper bound.

why this confidence

  • Fell back to OCV upper bound (no operating cell voltage available).
  • Observed/predicted = 2.7e+02×; log-ratio = 2.43.

bayesian context

z = 0.05 vs OTHER posterior (n=23 papers, mu=0.234, log-sigma=0.97)

HIGH
OTHER

Enhancement of Ammonium Oxidation at Microoxic Bioanodes

Yan et al. · 2023 · rule: ce_bounds

Coulombic efficiency exceeds 100% — physically impossible. Reported as % but exceeds 100.

and 221 ± 23.1% under anoxic conditions

chain of thought0 ≤ CE ≤ 100%HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency:221 %

computation

  1. Reported CE = 221 %
  2. Physical bound: 0 ≤ CE ≤ 100 %.
  3. Observed exceeds bound by 2.2× — likely fraction-vs-percent unit confusion.

why this confidence

  • CE = 221 % > bound of 100.0.
HIGH
MFC

Smart textiles for self-powered biomonitoring

Yin et al. · 2023 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports openCircuitVoltage 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.46 to 128 (278.3× spread). Spread > 100× — likely involves a unit error in one of the reports.

The fabricated textile produced a Voc of 128 V, a short-circuit current of 120 µA, and an instantaneous power density of 0.75 mW cm−2

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • openCircuitVoltage_low:0.46 V(raw: 0.46 (Open-Circuit Voltage))
  • openCircuitVoltage_high:128 V(raw: 128.0 (Open-Circuit Voltage))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of openCircuitVoltage in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.46, 128] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 278.3× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 278.3×.
  • Slug `openCircuitVoltage` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
HIGH
OTHER

Bioelectrochemical performance of microbial fuel cell powered electro-Fenton system (MFCⓅEFs) with composite PANI-Mn/CF anode

Lv et al. · 2022 · rule: voltage_ordering

Cell voltage exceeds open-circuit voltage while current is flowing — violates the Thevenin upper bound.

continuous voltage of 1 V

chain of thoughtV_cell ≤ V_ocHIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • cell_voltage:1.00 V
  • openCircuitVoltage:0.77 V

computation

  1. V_cell = 1 V (from voltage).
  2. V_oc = 0.77 V (from openCircuitVoltage).
  3. V_cell / V_oc = 1.3× — exceeds the Thevenin upper bound.

why this confidence

  • V_cell = 1 V > V_oc = 0.77 V.
HIGH
OTHER

Improved energy efficiency in microbial fuel cells by bioethanol and electricity co-generation

Xie et al. · 2022 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports energy_efficiency 74 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.005 to 0.794 (158.8× spread). Spread > 100× — likely involves a unit error in one of the reports.

Δdld123 71.8 7.6 79.4

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • energy_efficiency_low:0.0050 %(raw: 0.5 (electricity generation energy utilization))
  • energy_efficiency_high:0.79 %(raw: 79.4 (total energy utilization))

computation

  1. Found 74 measurements of energy_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.005, 0.794] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 158.8× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 74 duplicates, spread 158.8×.
  • Slug `energy_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
HIGH
MEC

Competition of two highly specialized and efficient acetoclastic electroactive bacteria for acetate in biofilm anode of microbial electrolysis cell

Sapireddy et al. · 2021 · rule: ce_bounds

Coulombic efficiency exceeds 100% — physically impossible. Reported as % but exceeds 100.

High CE was observed for both MECDA-NaAc (98 ± 2%) and MECGS-NaAc (>110 ± 10%) for the last three reproducible cycles of the current generation

chain of thought0 ≤ CE ≤ 100%HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency:110 %

computation

  1. Reported CE = 110 %
  2. Physical bound: 0 ≤ CE ≤ 100 %.
  3. Observed exceeds bound by 1.1× — likely fraction-vs-percent unit confusion.

why this confidence

  • CE = 110 % > bound of 100.0.
HIGH
MFC

Local Fruit Waste Driven Benthic Microbial Fuel Cell: A Sustainable Approach to Toxic Metal Removal and Bioelectricity Generation

Yaqoob et al. · 2021 · rule: power_identity

Reported peak power doesn't match V·I from the same operating point. Mismatch is well beyond any plausible measurement noise.

PD values were recorded as 0.30 mW/m2 (BMFC-I), 0.22 mW/m2 (BMFC-II) and 0.71 mW/m2 (BMFC-III) at external resistances of 560 Ω and 450 Ω

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thoughtP = V × IHIGHz=-3.23▸ expand

inputs

  • voltage:0.17 V(interpreted as cell voltage (voltage))
  • currentDensity:0.040 A/m²
  • powerDensity:3.00e-4 W/m²

computation

  1. Pick cell voltage: 0.17 V (from voltage, EPD e61d674c).
  2. Pick current density: 0.0399 A/m² (from currentDensity).
  3. Apply identity P = V × I.V·I = 0.17 × 0.0399 = 0.00679 W/m²
  4. Observed P = 0.0003 W/m²; ratio observed/predicted = 0.044× (|log₁₀| = 1.35).

why this confidence

  • Mismatch is 0.0× — strong evidence of a real violation.

bayesian context

z = -3.23 vs MFC posterior (n=50 papers, mu=0.152, log-sigma=0.84)

HIGH
MFC

Wood carbon electrode in microbial fuel cell enhances chromium reduction and bioelectricity generation

Ni et al. · 2021 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports internalResistance 3 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.9 to 611 (679.2× spread). Spread > 100× — likely involves a unit error in one of the reports.

The maximum resistance was 611.3 ± 40.1 Ω of carbon cloth, followed by carbon felt (5.9 ± 0.1 Ω) and WC electrode (0.9 ± 0.01 Ω)

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMEDz=-3.47▸ expand

inputs

  • internalResistance_low:0.90 Ω(raw: 0.9 (Internal Resistance))
  • internalResistance_high:611 Ω(raw: 611.3 (Internal Resistance))

computation

  1. Found 3 measurements of internalResistance in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.9, 611] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 679.2× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 3 duplicates, spread 679.2×.
  • Slug `internalResistance` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.

bayesian context

z = -3.47 vs MFC posterior (n=24 papers, mu=343, log-sigma=0.34)

HIGH
MES

Microbial Electrosynthesis—An Inventory on Technology Readiness Level and Performance of Different Process Variants

Fruehauf et al. · 2020 · rule: ce_bounds

Coulombic efficiency exceeds 100% — physically impossible. Reported as % but exceeds 100.

CE (of DEET) = 90–110%

chain of thought0 ≤ CE ≤ 100%HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency:110 %

computation

  1. Reported CE = 110 %
  2. Physical bound: 0 ≤ CE ≤ 100 %.
  3. Observed exceeds bound by 1.1× — likely fraction-vs-percent unit confusion.

why this confidence

  • CE = 110 % > bound of 100.0.
HIGH
MBES

Bioelectrochemical Properties of Enzyme-Containing Multilayer Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Modified with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

Reshetilov et al. · 2019 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports internalResistance 9 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 2.5e+04 to 4.2e+06 (168.0× spread). Spread > 100× — likely involves a unit error in one of the reports.

Nonmodified screen-printed electrodes 4200 ± 200

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMEDz=+7.13▸ expand

inputs

  • internalResistance_low:2.50e+4 kOhm(raw: 25.0 (Total Resistance))
  • internalResistance_high:4.20e+6 kOhm(raw: 4200.0 (Total Resistance))

computation

  1. Found 9 measurements of internalResistance in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [2.5e+04, 4.2e+06] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 168.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 9 duplicates, spread 168.0×.
  • Slug `internalResistance` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.

bayesian context

z = 7.13 vs global posterior (n=47 papers, mu=313, log-sigma=0.42)

HIGH
MFC

Electric Power Generation from Sewage using Double Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell

Author · 2019 · rule: voltage_ordering

Cell voltage exceeds open-circuit voltage while current is flowing — violates the Thevenin upper bound.

the maximum potential 715 mV to generate electricity at eleventh day

chain of thoughtV_cell ≤ V_ocHIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • cell_voltage:0.71 V
  • openCircuitVoltage:0.67 V

computation

  1. V_cell = 0.715 V (from voltage).
  2. V_oc = 0.674 V (from openCircuitVoltage).
  3. V_cell / V_oc = 1.1× — exceeds the Thevenin upper bound.

why this confidence

  • V_cell = 0.715 V > V_oc = 0.674 V.
HIGH
MES

Engineering an electroactive Escherichia coli for the microbial electrosynthesis of succinate from glucose and CO2

Wu et al. · 2019 · rule: ce_bounds

Coulombic efficiency exceeds 100% — physically impossible. Reported as % but exceeds 100.

the coulombic efficiency of increased succinate by E. coli T110 was determined to be 50.7%, and that of E. coli T110(pMtrABC, pFccA-CymA) and T110(pMtrABC, pFccA-CymA, pBTCA) was 287.8% and 332.2% respectively

+3 more violations on this paper

chain of thought0 ≤ CE ≤ 100%HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency:288 %

computation

  1. Reported CE = 288 %
  2. Physical bound: 0 ≤ CE ≤ 100 %.
  3. Observed exceeds bound by 2.9× — likely fraction-vs-percent unit confusion.

why this confidence

  • CE = 288 % > bound of 100.0.
HIGH
OTHER

Impact of applied cell voltage on the performance of a microbial electrolysis cell fully catalysed by microorganisms

Lim et al. · 2019 · rule: ce_bounds

Coulombic efficiency exceeds 100% — physically impossible. Reported as % but exceeds 100.

before it dropped and reached a plateau of about 170% after 1.4 V

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thought0 ≤ CE ≤ 100%HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency:170 %

computation

  1. Reported CE = 170 %
  2. Physical bound: 0 ≤ CE ≤ 100 %.
  3. Observed exceeds bound by 1.7× — likely fraction-vs-percent unit confusion.

why this confidence

  • CE = 170 % > bound of 100.0.
HIGH
MERC

Effect of hydraulic retention time and substrate availability in denitrifying bioelectrochemical systems

Pous et al. · 2017 · rule: ce_bounds

Coulombic efficiency exceeds 100% — physically impossible. Reported as % but exceeds 100.

In replicate 1, the CE increased from 53 ± 5% at HRT 9.6 h to 127 ± 1% at HRT 0.6 h.

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thought0 ≤ CE ≤ 100%HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency:127 %

computation

  1. Reported CE = 127 %
  2. Physical bound: 0 ≤ CE ≤ 100 %.
  3. Observed exceeds bound by 1.3× — likely fraction-vs-percent unit confusion.

why this confidence

  • CE = 127 % > bound of 100.0.
HIGH
OTHER

Energy recovery from tubular microbial electrolysis cell with stainless steel mesh as cathode

Ma et al. · 2017 · rule: ce_bounds

Coulombic efficiency exceeds 100% — physically impossible. Reported as % but exceeds 100.

During the start-up period, the value of CE was up to nearly 160% and that was similar between different reactors. 1# reactor achieved highest value of 156%.

+3 more violations on this paper

chain of thought0 ≤ CE ≤ 100%HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency:156 %

computation

  1. Reported CE = 156 %
  2. Physical bound: 0 ≤ CE ≤ 100 %.
  3. Observed exceeds bound by 1.6× — likely fraction-vs-percent unit confusion.

why this confidence

  • CE = 156 % > bound of 100.0.
HIGH
OTHER

Treatment of Oil Wastewater and Electricity Generation by Integrating Constructed Wetland with Microbial Fuel Cell

Yang et al. · 2016 · rule: voltage_ordering

Cell voltage exceeds open-circuit voltage while current is flowing — violates the Thevenin upper bound.

Voltage dropped gradually along with time and then stabilized at about 430 (CW-MFC) and 400 mV (MFC) under 1000 Ωresistors.

chain of thoughtV_cell ≤ V_ocHIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • cell_voltage:0.40 V
  • openCircuitVoltage:0.12 V

computation

  1. V_cell = 0.4 V (from voltage).
  2. V_oc = 0.12 V (from openCircuitVoltage).
  3. V_cell / V_oc = 3.3× — exceeds the Thevenin upper bound.

why this confidence

  • V_cell = 0.4 V > V_oc = 0.12 V.
HIGH
REVIEW

Role of membranes in bioelectrochemical systems

Kokabian et al. · 2015 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports internalResistance 6 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 84 to 6.01e+03 (71.5× spread). Spread > 30× — too large to be explained by configuration differences within a single paper.

The UF-0.5 K membrane produced very high internal resistances(6009 Ω, B-MFC; 1814 Ω, C-MFC)

+3 more violations on this paper

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceHIGHz=+0.84▸ expand

inputs

  • internalResistance_low:84.0 Ω(raw: 84.0 (internal resistance))
  • internalResistance_high:6009 Ω(raw: 6009.0 (internal resistance))

computation

  1. Found 6 measurements of internalResistance in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [84, 6.01e+03] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 71.5× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 6 duplicates, spread 71.5×.
  • Slug `internalResistance` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.

bayesian context

z = 0.84 vs global posterior (n=47 papers, mu=313, log-sigma=0.42)

HIGH
REVIEW

Local PDF 03a0b8173534

— · — · rule: voltage_ordering

Cell voltage exceeds open-circuit voltage while current is flowing — violates the Thevenin upper bound.

This Stack provides 5V at 1A (5W).

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thoughtV_cell ≤ V_ocHIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • cell_voltage:5.00 V
  • openCircuitVoltage:4.00 V

computation

  1. V_cell = 5 V (from voltage).
  2. V_oc = 4 V (from openCircuitVoltage).
  3. V_cell / V_oc = 1.2× — exceeds the Thevenin upper bound.

why this confidence

  • V_cell = 5 V > V_oc = 4 V.
HIGH
MEC

Local PDF 440baa0318f8

— · — · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports internalResistance 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 2 to 200 (100.0× spread). Spread > 30× — too large to be explained by configuration differences within a single paper.

the dedicated numbers for RMIN and RMAX are 2 (Ω) and 200 (Ω), respectively.

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceHIGHz=-2.82▸ expand

inputs

  • internalResistance_low:2.00 Ω(raw: 2.0 (Minimum internal resistance (RMIN)))
  • internalResistance_high:200 Ω(raw: 200.0 (Maximum internal resistance (RMAX)))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of internalResistance in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [2, 200] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 100.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 100.0×.
  • Slug `internalResistance` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.

bayesian context

z = -2.82 vs global posterior (n=47 papers, mu=313, log-sigma=0.42)

HIGH
OTHER

Local PDF 559c748526cb

— · — · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports internalResistance 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 50 to 2e+03 (40.0× spread). Spread > 30× — too large to be explained by configuration differences within a single paper.

the internal resistance of the system (as an indicator of anolyte conductivity) with the presence of bacteria was 50 Ω while it was 2000 Ω without bacteria inoculation

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceHIGHz=+0.01▸ expand

inputs

  • internalResistance_low:50.0 Ω(raw: 50.0 (Internal Resistance))
  • internalResistance_high:2000 Ω(raw: 2000.0 (Internal Resistance))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of internalResistance in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [50, 2e+03] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 40.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 40.0×.
  • Slug `internalResistance` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.

bayesian context

z = 0.01 vs global posterior (n=47 papers, mu=313, log-sigma=0.42)

HIGH
MERC

Local PDF 5ce6267c8e61

— · — · rule: ce_bounds

Coulombic efficiency exceeds 100% — physically impossible. Reported as % but exceeds 100.

In replicate 1, the CE increased from 53 ± 5% at HRT 9.6 h to 127 ± 1% at HRT 0.6 h.

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thought0 ≤ CE ≤ 100%HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency:127 %

computation

  1. Reported CE = 127 %
  2. Physical bound: 0 ≤ CE ≤ 100 %.
  3. Observed exceeds bound by 1.3× — likely fraction-vs-percent unit confusion.

why this confidence

  • CE = 127 % > bound of 100.0.
MED
REVIEW

A Review on Anatomical and Physiological Traits of Aquatic Macrophytes Coupled to a Bioelectrochemical System: Comparative Wastewater Treatment Performance

González-Méndez et al. · 2025 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 6 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.006 to 0.103 (17.1× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

Table 1. Different macrophyte biotypes' performance in the wastewater treatment process and power generation. CW-MFC Elodea nuttallii floating 31.5 NH4+ 66.0 TP 97.5 6.37 mWm−2 41.46 mWm−2 10.28

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.0060 %(raw: 0.6 (Coulombic Efficiency))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.10 %(raw: 10.28 (Coulombic Efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 6 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.006, 0.103] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 17.1× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 6 duplicates, spread 17.1×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MFC

Balancing pH for enhanced bacterial community performance in microbial fuel cells: implications for bio-electricity generation and pollutant reduction

Khanaum et al. · 2024 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.043 to 0.4 (9.3× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

achieving a 54% higher power density, 21% greater current density, and a 40% higher CE compared to the acidic pH level (6.5±0.1)

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.043 %(raw: 4.3 (Coulombic Efficiency))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.40 %(raw: 40.0 (Coulombic Efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.043, 0.4] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 9.3× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 9.3×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
OTHER

Enhancing bioelectricity generation through co-cultivation of bacteria consortium and microalgae in photosynthetic microbial fuel cell

Chaijak et al. · 2024 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports openCircuitVoltage 6 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.0325 to 0.398 (12.3× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

The PMFC configuration incorporating both bacteria and microalgae exhibited the highest open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 397.95 ± 31.53 mV

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • openCircuitVoltage_low:0.032 mV(raw: 32.47 (Open circuit voltage (OCV)))
  • openCircuitVoltage_high:0.40 mV(raw: 397.95 (Open-circuit voltage (OCV)))

computation

  1. Found 6 measurements of openCircuitVoltage in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.0325, 0.398] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 12.3× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 6 duplicates, spread 12.3×.
  • Slug `openCircuitVoltage` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
REVIEW

Microbial fuel cells in electricity generation with waste treatment: Alternative electron acceptors

PİŞKİN · 2024 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports openCircuitVoltage 8 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.56 to 4.5 (8.0× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

Fe+3, İnoculum from another operated MFC+ Synthetic media, 4.5, 0.86 mW/ m2, [101]

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • openCircuitVoltage_low:0.56 V(raw: 0.56 (Open Circuit Voltage))
  • openCircuitVoltage_high:4.50 V(raw: 4.5 (Open Circuit Voltage))

computation

  1. Found 8 measurements of openCircuitVoltage in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.56, 4.5] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 8.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 8 duplicates, spread 8.0×.
  • Slug `openCircuitVoltage` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MFC

Microbial fuel cells: A potent and sustainable solution for heavy metal removal

Akagunduz et al. · 2024 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports openCircuitVoltage 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.0277 to 0.518 (18.7× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

In the anode compartment, the maximum open circuit voltage at a concentration of 5 (13.5, 7.5, 415, 10.5 and, 2410 mg L-1 respectively) was 517.6 mV, whereas in the cathode compartment, it was observed to be 27.7 mV.

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • openCircuitVoltage_low:0.028 mV(raw: 27.7 (Maximum Open Circuit Voltage (Cathode)))
  • openCircuitVoltage_high:0.52 mV(raw: 517.6 (Maximum Open Circuit Voltage (Anode)))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of openCircuitVoltage in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.0277, 0.518] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 18.7× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 18.7×.
  • Slug `openCircuitVoltage` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MMRC

Performance and mechanism of a bioelectrochemical system for reduction of heavy metal cadmium ions

Wang et al. · 2024 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.0079 to 0.0483 (6.1× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

the initial Cd(II) concentration increased from 20 mg L−1 to 100 mg L−1; the cathodic CEan, Cd rose from 0.79% to 4.83%

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.0079 %(raw: 0.79 (Coulombic efficiency (CEca, Cd)))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.048 %(raw: 4.83 (Coulombic efficiency (CEan, Cd)))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.0079, 0.0483] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 6.1× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 6.1×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MFC

Preparation of New MFC Anode and Degradation Performance of Ship's Oily Waste Waterv

Zhang et al. · 2024 · rule: power_identity

Reported peak power doesn't match V·I from the same operating point. Mismatch is meaningfully beyond measurement noise.

the maximum power and current density of the MFC can reach 472 mW/m-2 and 4972 mA/m-2, respectively, when the biochar material is elected as the anode electrode

chain of thoughtP = V × IMEDz=+0.59▸ expand

inputs

  • voltage:0.55 V(interpreted as cell voltage (voltage))
  • currentDensity:4.97 A/m²
  • powerDensity:0.47 W/m²

computation

  1. Pick cell voltage: 0.55 V (from voltage, EPD 314cf5a2).
  2. Pick current density: 4.97 A/m² (from currentDensity).
  3. Apply identity P = V × I.V·I = 0.55 × 4.97 = 2.73 W/m²
  4. Observed P = 0.472 W/m²; ratio observed/predicted = 0.17× (|log₁₀| = 0.76).

why this confidence

  • Mismatch is 0.2× — beyond typical reporting tolerance.

bayesian context

z = 0.59 vs MFC posterior (n=50 papers, mu=0.152, log-sigma=0.84)

MED
MFC

The influence of benzene on the composition, diversity and performance of the anodic bacterial community in glucose-fed microbial fuel cells

Tyszkiewicz et al. · 2024 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.01 to 0.08 (8.0× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

In our study (Figure 2), CE values ranged from 1 to 8%, indicating that electrochemical reactions were responsible for a minor part of total COD removal.

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.010 %(raw: 1.0 (Coulombic Efficiency))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.080 %(raw: 8.0 (Coulombic Efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.01, 0.08] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 8.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 8.0×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MFC

Boosting o-xylene removal and power generation in an airlift microbial fuel cell system

Chen et al. · 2023 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 3 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.0537 to 0.472 (8.8× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

and the largest coulombic efficiency could reach 47.2%

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.054 %(raw: 5.37 (coulombic efficiency))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.47 %(raw: 47.2 (coulombic efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 3 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.0537, 0.472] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 8.8× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 3 duplicates, spread 8.8×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MFC

Effect of hydraulic retention time and electrode type on the performance of semi-continuous flow microbial fuel cell

Ullah et al. · 2023 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 6 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.005 to 0.0544 (10.9× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

The CE was in the range of 0.5–4.2% and 0.6–5.44% for GRMFC and CFBMFC respectively

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.0050 %(raw: 0.5 (Coulombic Efficiency))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.054 %(raw: 5.44 (Coulombic Efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 6 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.005, 0.0544] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 10.9× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 6 duplicates, spread 10.9×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MFC

Two-Stage Process for Energy Valorization of Cheese Whey through Bio-Electrochemical Hydrogen Production Coupled with Microbial Fuel Cell

Zonfa et al. · 2023 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.007 to 0.037 (5.3× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

the coulombic efficiency ranged from 0.7% to 3.7%

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.0070 %(raw: 0.7 (Coulombic Efficiency (RDF)))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.037 %(raw: 3.7 (Coulombic Efficiency (RDF)))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.007, 0.037] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 5.3× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 5.3×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
OTHER

SOLAR ENERGY ASSISTS SEDIMENT MICROBIAL FUEL CELL TO GENERATE GREEN ENERGY FROM LIQUID ORGANIC WASTE

TÜRKER · 2022 · rule: ocv_thermodynamic_ceiling

OCV of 1.54 V exceeds the thermodynamic ceiling for OTHER systems. Within the range where unusual cathode chemistry could justify the reading.

the S-SMFC was generated open circuit potential between 1542 and 1919 mV for 10% juice waste

+2 more violations on this paper

chain of thoughtOCV ≤ 1.5 V (OTHER ceiling)MED▸ expand

inputs

  • openCircuitVoltage:1.54 V(raw: 1542.0 mV)
  • system_class_ceiling:1.50 V(Logan 2008 §2.3 + 20-30% slack)

computation

  1. Paper system class: OTHER.
  2. Thermodynamic ceiling for OTHER: 1.5 V (O2 cathode + typical anode redox at pH 7, with slack).
  3. Reported OCV = 1.54 V (from raw value 1542.0 mV).
  4. Ratio observed/ceiling = 1×.

why this confidence

  • OCV 1.54 V exceeds the OTHER ceiling (1.5 V) by 3%.
  • Within the range where novel cathode chemistry might justify it; review the paper's cathode.
MED
MERC

Sustainable environmental remediation via biomimetic multifunctional lignocellulosic nano-framework

Li et al. · 2022 · rule: temperature_out_of_plausible_range

Operating temperature outside biological + typical-lab range; likely K-as-°C transcription.

About 5.0 mg of sample was heated from room temperature to 700 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C under N2 atmosphere.

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thought0 °C ≤ T ≤ 100 °C (biological)HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • temperature:700 °C

computation

  1. Reported T = 700 °C
  2. Bio-catalyst denaturation onset ≈ 60 °C; T > 100 °C breaks living biofilm.
  3. Hypothesis: value was 700 K mistyped as °C; that's 426.9 °C — typical lab T.

why this confidence

  • T = 700 °c is well above the biological denaturation threshold (~60 °C).
  • If interpreted as Kelvin: 426.9 °C — much more plausible for a BES.
MED
MFC

Waste Activated Sludge Oxidation and Azo Dye Reduction in Microbial Fuel Cell: Optimization of process conditions for high electricity generation and waste treatability

PİŞKİN et al. · 2022 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.0152 to 0.0808 (5.3× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

Run 5: Coulombic Efficiency 8.081%, Cathode pH 6, Cathode Oxygen State Aerobic, Anode Substrate Pre-treated WAS

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.015 %(raw: 1.523 (Coulombic Efficiency))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.081 %(raw: 8.081 (Coulombic Efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.0152, 0.0808] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 5.3× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 5.3×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MFC

Bioelectrochemical treatment of municipal solid waste landfill mature leachate and dairy wastewater as co-substrates

Bolognesi et al. · 2021 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports internalResistance 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 21 to 170 (8.1× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

while MFC1's internal resistance resulted in a staggering 170 ± 18 Ω, five times higher

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMEDz=-2.26▸ expand

inputs

  • internalResistance_low:21.0 Ω(raw: 21.0 (Internal resistance))
  • internalResistance_high:170 Ω(raw: 170.0 (Internal resistance))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of internalResistance in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [21, 170] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 8.1× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 8.1×.
  • Slug `internalResistance` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.

bayesian context

z = -2.26 vs MFC posterior (n=24 papers, mu=343, log-sigma=0.34)

MED
OTHER

Microbial Fuel Cell Study for the Generation of Electricity Using Waste Water

Maharathi et al. · 2021 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports internalResistance 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 5.92 to 30.2 (5.1× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

According to the figures 6 and 7, the respective internal resistances of the MFCs are 30.17 and 5.92 respectively.

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMEDz=-3.24▸ expand

inputs

  • internalResistance_low:5.92 Ω(raw: 5.92 (Internal Resistance))
  • internalResistance_high:30.2 Ω(raw: 30.17 (Internal Resistance))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of internalResistance in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [5.92, 30.2] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 5.1× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 5.1×.
  • Slug `internalResistance` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.

bayesian context

z = -3.24 vs global posterior (n=47 papers, mu=313, log-sigma=0.42)

MED
REVIEW

Microbial Fuel Cell for Energy Production, Nutrient Removal and Recovery from Wastewater: A Review

Paucar et al. · 2021 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.0221 to 0.25 (11.3× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

25.01% at OLR of 435 mgCOD/L.d. [21]

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.022 %(raw: 2.21 (Coulombic Efficiency))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.25 %(raw: 25.01 (Coulombic Efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.0221, 0.25] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 11.3× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 11.3×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MEC

Bacteria coated cathodes as an in-situ hydrogen evolving platform for microbial electrosynthesis

Perona-Vico et al. · 2020 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 4 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.079 to 0.807 (10.2× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

Table 1: Sporomusa ovata DSM 2662, Abiotic, CE (%): 80.7

+2 more violations on this paper

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.079 %(raw: 7.9 (Coulombic Efficiency (CE)))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.81 %(raw: 80.7 (Coulombic Efficiency (CE)))

computation

  1. Found 4 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.079, 0.807] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 10.2× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 4 duplicates, spread 10.2×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MDC

Electricity Generation, Salt and Nitrogen Removal and Microbial Community in Aircathode Microbial Desalination Cell for Saline-Alkaline Soil-Washing Water Treatment

Xu et al. · 2020 · rule: power_identity

Reported peak power doesn't match V·I from the same operating point. Mismatch this large is almost certainly a cross-condition artifact, not a real V·I violation; flagged for human review.

the maximum power density of AMDC at 30 g/L salinity is 2.84 W/m3 now (current density is 4.70 mA/m2)

chain of thoughtP = V × ILOWz=+1.32▸ expand

inputs

  • voltage:0.74 V(interpreted as cell voltage (voltage))
  • currentDensity:0.0047 A/m²
  • powerDensity:2.84 W/m²

computation

  1. Pick cell voltage: 0.742 V (from voltage, EPD e47afa7f).
  2. Pick current density: 0.0047 A/m² (from currentDensity).
  3. Apply identity P = V × I.V·I = 0.742 × 0.0047 = 0.00349 W/m²
  4. Observed P = 2.84 W/m²; ratio observed/predicted = 8.1e+02× (|log₁₀| = 2.91).

why this confidence

  • Mismatch is 814.4× — implausible at a single operating point.
  • Most likely cause: the conditionSet groups multiple operating points; V and I came from different conditions than P.

bayesian context

z = 1.32 vs global posterior (n=107 papers, mu=0.179, log-sigma=0.91)

MED
MFC

Single cell electron collectors for highly efficient wiring-up electronic abiotic/biotic interfaces

Yu et al. · 2020 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 3 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.147 to 0.869 (5.9× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

More impressively, the SP collector increased the CE to an extremely high level of 86.9% (SW@SP cell), which is the highest value for the model electroactive bacteria S. oneidensis MR-1 obtained in MFCs

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.15 %(raw: 14.7 (Coulombic Efficiency of native SW cell))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.87 %(raw: 86.9 (Coulombic Efficiency of SW@SP cell))

computation

  1. Found 3 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.147, 0.869] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 5.9× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 3 duplicates, spread 5.9×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
OTHER

A Portable, Single-Use, Paper-Based Microbial Fuel Cell Sensor for Rapid, On-Site Water Quality Monitoring

Cho et al. · 2019 · rule: temperature_out_of_plausible_range

Operating temperature outside biological + typical-lab range; likely K-as-°C transcription.

As seen in Figure 2, first the wax boundary patterns were printed on both sides of the anode and cathode papers and were heated at 120 ◦C for 2 min to allow the complete penetration of the wax into the papers.

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thought0 °C ≤ T ≤ 100 °C (biological)HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • temperature:120 °C

computation

  1. Reported T = 120 °C
  2. Bio-catalyst denaturation onset ≈ 60 °C; T > 100 °C breaks living biofilm.
  3. Hypothesis: value was 120 K mistyped as °C; that's -153.1 °C — typical lab T.

why this confidence

  • T = 120 °c is well above the biological denaturation threshold (~60 °C).
  • If interpreted as Kelvin: -153.1 °C — much more plausible for a BES.
MED
MFC

Bioelectrochemical recovery of silver from wastewater with sustainable power generation and its reuse for biofouling mitigation

Ali et al. · 2019 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 4 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.016 to 0.0873 (5.5× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

coulmbic efficiency (8.73 ± 0.9%)

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.016 %(raw: 1.6 (coulombic_efficiency))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.087 %(raw: 8.73 (coulombic_efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 4 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.016, 0.0873] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 5.5× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 4 duplicates, spread 5.5×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MFC

Effect of organic loading rate on the recovery of nutrients and energy in a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell

Ye et al. · 2019 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 3 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.0221 to 0.25 (11.3× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

The same pattern was observed for the coulombic efficiency of the MFC and its highest value was 25.01% at the OLR of 435 mgCOD/L·d.

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.022 %(raw: 2.21 (coulombic efficiency))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.25 %(raw: 25.01 (coulombic efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 3 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.0221, 0.25] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 11.3× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 3 duplicates, spread 11.3×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MFC

Electricity generation from paddy soil for powering an electronic timer and an analysis of active exoelectrogenic bacteria

Lu et al. · 2019 · rule: ocv_thermodynamic_ceiling

OCV of 1.37 V exceeds the thermodynamic ceiling for MFC systems. Within the range where unusual cathode chemistry could justify the reading.

Initially, the OCVs of SMFC1, SMFC2, and SMFC3 were 579 mV, 327 mV, and 493 mV, respectively, and the OCV of the serially connected SMFCs was 1370 mV.

+4 more violations on this paper

chain of thoughtOCV ≤ 1.3 V (MFC ceiling)MED▸ expand

inputs

  • openCircuitVoltage:1.37 V(raw: 1370.0 mV)
  • system_class_ceiling:1.30 V(Logan 2008 §2.3 + 20-30% slack)

computation

  1. Paper system class: MFC.
  2. Thermodynamic ceiling for MFC: 1.3 V (O2 cathode + typical anode redox at pH 7, with slack).
  3. Reported OCV = 1.37 V (from raw value 1370.0 mV).
  4. Ratio observed/ceiling = 1.1×.

why this confidence

  • OCV 1.37 V exceeds the MFC ceiling (1.3 V) by 5%.
  • Within the range where novel cathode chemistry might justify it; review the paper's cathode.
MED
REVIEW

Factors affecting the efficiency of a bioelectrochemical system: a review

Zhang et al. · 2019 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.022 to 0.2 (9.1× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

52 1 16.9 0.2

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.022 %(raw: 2.2 (Coulombic efficiency standard deviation))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.20 (raw: 0.2 (Coulombic efficiency standard deviation))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.022, 0.2] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 9.1× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 9.1×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
REVIEW

Fuel cell membranes – Pros and cons

Ogungbemi et al. · 2019 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports energy_efficiency 32 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.15 to 0.9 (6.0× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFCs), 70% - 90%

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • energy_efficiency_low:0.15 %(raw: 15.0 (Electrical efficiency))
  • energy_efficiency_high:0.90 %(raw: 90.0 (Electrical efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 32 measurements of energy_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.15, 0.9] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 6.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 32 duplicates, spread 6.0×.
  • Slug `energy_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MFC

Influence of Electrode Distance on Electrical Energy Production of Microbial Fuel Cell using Tapioca Wastewater

Harimawan et al. · 2019 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports internalResistance 8 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 15 to 4.44e+04 (2960.0× spread). Spread is 1000× — almost certainly a unit-prefix mix-up between the two reports rather than a true measurement difference.

Table 3 Internal resistance value for different electrode distances.

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceLOWz=+1.12▸ expand

inputs

  • internalResistance_low:15.0 KΩ(raw: 0.015 (Internal Resistance (Rk)))
  • internalResistance_high:4.44e+4 KΩ(raw: 44.4 (Internal Resistance (Ra)))

computation

  1. Found 8 measurements of internalResistance in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [15, 4.44e+04] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 2960.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 8 duplicates, spread 2960.0×.
  • Slug `internalResistance` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.

bayesian context

z = 1.12 vs MFC posterior (n=24 papers, mu=343, log-sigma=0.34)

MED
MFC

Novel proton exchange membranes based on PVC for microbial fuel cells (MFCs)

Gaurav et al. · 2019 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports openCircuitVoltage 4 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.0291 to 0.165 (5.7× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

The maximum voltage achieved was found to be 165.2 mV in the case of membrane M, followed by 140.1 (membrane L), 46.5 (membrane K) and 29.1 (membrane F).

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • openCircuitVoltage_low:0.029 mV(raw: 29.1 (Open circuit voltage (OCV)))
  • openCircuitVoltage_high:0.17 mV(raw: 165.2 (Open circuit voltage (OCV)))

computation

  1. Found 4 measurements of openCircuitVoltage in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.0291, 0.165] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 5.7× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 4 duplicates, spread 5.7×.
  • Slug `openCircuitVoltage` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MEC

Long-term performance of a microbial electrolysis cell operated with periodic disconnection of power supply

Hussain et al. · 2018 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 4 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.04 to 0.23 (5.8× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

current and COD measurements between days 20–23 yielded CE values of 20–23% for MEC-A

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.040 %(raw: 4.0 (Coulombic Efficiency (MEC-B, Days 20-23, fixed voltage)))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.23 %(raw: 23.0 (Coulombic Efficiency (MEC-A, Days 20-23, on/off mode)))

computation

  1. Found 4 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.04, 0.23] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 5.8× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 4 duplicates, spread 5.8×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MSC

Biophotovoltaics: oxygenic photosynthetic organisms in the world of bioelectrochemical systems

McCormick et al. · 2015 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports energy_efficiency 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.0005 to 0.003 (6.0× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

conversion rate of light into electrical power was generally low (ranging from 0.05–0.3%)

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • energy_efficiency_low:5.00e-4 %(raw: 0.05 (Light Conversion Efficiency))
  • energy_efficiency_high:0.0030 %(raw: 0.3 (Light Conversion Efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of energy_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.0005, 0.003] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 6.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 6.0×.
  • Slug `energy_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
OTHER

Enhanced disinfection of wastewater by combining wetland treatment with bioelectrochemical H2O2 production

Arends et al. · 2014 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.04 to 0.62 (15.5× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

equal to 25 gCOD m-2 d-1 with coulombic efficiency of 62%

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.040 %(raw: 4.0 (Coulombic efficiency))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.62 %(raw: 62.0 (Coulombic efficiency with spiking))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.04, 0.62] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 15.5× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 15.5×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
OTHER

Generation of Bioenergy from Sewage Using Dual Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell

Parkash · 2014 · rule: temperature_out_of_plausible_range

Operating temperature outside biological + typical-lab range; likely K-as-°C transcription.

heated for 120 minutes at 150°C.

chain of thought0 °C ≤ T ≤ 100 °C (biological)HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • temperature:150 °C

computation

  1. Reported T = 150 °C
  2. Bio-catalyst denaturation onset ≈ 60 °C; T > 100 °C breaks living biofilm.
  3. Hypothesis: value was 150 K mistyped as °C; that's -123.1 °C — typical lab T.

why this confidence

  • T = 150 °c is well above the biological denaturation threshold (~60 °C).
  • If interpreted as Kelvin: -123.1 °C — much more plausible for a BES.
MED
MFC

247 The Internal Resistance of a Microbial Fuel Cell and its Dependence on Cell Volt

Timmers et al. · 2012 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports internalResistance 8 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 100 to 1e+03 (10.0× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

Fig 1: P-V, Rext-V, Rint-V curves for tests with a) buffer and lactate, b) buffer and lactate (with SS balls), c) buffer, lactate and MR-1, d) buffer, lactate and MR-1 (with SS balls).

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMEDz=-0.10▸ expand

inputs

  • internalResistance_low:100 Ohm(raw: 100.0 (Internal Resistance (Rint)))
  • internalResistance_high:1000 Ohm(raw: 1000.0 (Internal Resistance (Rint)))

computation

  1. Found 8 measurements of internalResistance in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [100, 1e+03] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 10.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 8 duplicates, spread 10.0×.
  • Slug `internalResistance` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.

bayesian context

z = -0.10 vs MFC posterior (n=24 papers, mu=343, log-sigma=0.34)

MED
MFC

Peer Review Is Peer Review Is Peer Review

Abramowitz · 1984 · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports openCircuitVoltage 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.0116 to 0.187 (16.1× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

Non-sterile soil (t = 114h) 187.0 ± 5.01

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • openCircuitVoltage_low:0.012 mV(raw: 11.6 (Potential at open circuit))
  • openCircuitVoltage_high:0.19 mV(raw: 187.0 (Potential at open circuit))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of openCircuitVoltage in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.0116, 0.187] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 16.1× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 16.1×.
  • Slug `openCircuitVoltage` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MEC

Local PDF 2f35e0340141

— · — · rule: faraday_h2_ceiling

H2 production rate 1.67 m³/m³/d exceeds the Faraday-law maximum of 0.994 m³/m³/d derivable from the reported 16.5 A/m² current. Reported H2 rate exceeds the Faraday-law upper bound by more than 30%.

At the highest OLR (1.94 g/D), hydrogen production rate was stabilized at 1.67 L/L/D while the hydrogen yield was low at 45% (based on the dosed substrate)

chain of thoughtr_H2 ≤ I·A/(2F·V) × (22.4 L/mol × 86400 s/day)MED▸ expand

inputs

  • currentDensity:16.5 A/m²(raw: 16.5 A/m2)
  • electrode_surface_area:0.060 m²(raw: 600.0 cm2)
  • reactor_volume:10.0 L(raw: 10.0 L (= 0.01 m³ for the formula))
  • specific_h2_production:1.67 m³/m³/d(raw: 1.67 L/L/D)

computation

  1. Charge per day at I = 16.5 A/m²: I × 86400 s = 1.43e+06 C/(m²·day).
  2. Moles e⁻ per day per m²: that ÷ F = 14.8 mol/(m²·day).16.5 × 86400 / 96485 = 14.8
  3. Moles H2 per day per m² (½ × moles e⁻): 7.39.½ × 14.8 = 7.39
  4. Per-area volume of H2 per day (× 22.414 L/mol): 166 L/(m²·day).
  5. Convert to per-reactor-volume (×A/V): A = 0.06 m², V = 10 L = 0.01 m³.× 0.06 / 0.01
  6. Theoretical max r_H2 = 0.994 m³/m³/d.
  7. Reported r_H2 = 1.67 m³/m³/d; ratio = 1.7×.

why this confidence

  • Reported H2 = 1.67 m³/m³/d vs Faraday max = 0.994 m³/m³/d.
  • Ratio = 1.7× (1.3× = 30% slack allowed for round-tripping).
MED
OTHER

Local PDF 3860fad1bde0

— · — · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports openCircuitVoltage 12 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.021 to 0.419 (20.0× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

D1 22.40 18.60 48.84 419.04 -

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • openCircuitVoltage_low:0.021 mV(raw: 21.0 (Open Circuit Voltage (OCV)))
  • openCircuitVoltage_high:0.42 mV(raw: 419.04 (OCV Max))

computation

  1. Found 12 measurements of openCircuitVoltage in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.021, 0.419] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 20.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 12 duplicates, spread 20.0×.
  • Slug `openCircuitVoltage` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
OTHER

Local PDF 449cd9cd17ba

— · — · rule: temperature_out_of_plausible_range

Operating temperature outside biological + typical-lab range; likely K-as-°C transcription.

followed again by dying at room temperature and heating at 330 for 30 min

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thought0 °C ≤ T ≤ 100 °C (biological)HIGH▸ expand

inputs

  • temperature:330 °C

computation

  1. Reported T = 330 °C
  2. Bio-catalyst denaturation onset ≈ 60 °C; T > 100 °C breaks living biofilm.
  3. Hypothesis: value was 330 K mistyped as °C; that's 56.9 °C — typical lab T.

why this confidence

  • T = 330 °c is well above the biological denaturation threshold (~60 °C).
  • If interpreted as Kelvin: 56.9 °C — much more plausible for a BES.
MED
MSC

Local PDF 5193fd6ea9d2

— · — · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports energy_efficiency 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.0005 to 0.003 (6.0× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

the conversion rate of light into electrical power was generally low (ranging from 0.05–0.3%)

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • energy_efficiency_low:5.00e-4 %(raw: 0.05 (Light conversion efficiency))
  • energy_efficiency_high:0.0030 %(raw: 0.3 (Light conversion efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of energy_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.0005, 0.003] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 6.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 6.0×.
  • Slug `energy_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
OTHER

Local PDF 5667580c5082

— · — · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 4 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.02 to 0.4 (20.0× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

The CEs based on SCOD were 40 ±  2% under continuous flow conditions using capacitor-based circuit

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.020 %(raw: 2.0 (Coulombic Efficiency standard deviation))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.40 %(raw: 40.0 (Coulombic Efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 4 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.02, 0.4] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 20.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 4 duplicates, spread 20.0×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
OTHER

Local PDF 7fbaeee5e36a

— · — · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 2 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.11 to 0.68 (6.2× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

the peak power density was improved to 480 mW/m2, while the columbic efficiency was found to be 68 ± 11%

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.11 %(raw: 11.0 (Coulombic Efficiency Standard Deviation))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.68 %(raw: 68.0 (Coulombic Efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 2 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.11, 0.68] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 6.2× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 2 duplicates, spread 6.2×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MFC

Local PDF c2a7eb306257

— · — · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports internalResistance 4 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 1e+03 to 1.5e+04 (15.0× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

The respective internal resistances were 15000 Ω, 1000 Ω and 5100 Ω for the various connected arrays

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMEDz=+3.14▸ expand

inputs

  • internalResistance_low:1000 Ω(raw: 1000.0 (Internal Resistance))
  • internalResistance_high:1.50e+4 Ω(raw: 15000.0 (Internal Resistance))

computation

  1. Found 4 measurements of internalResistance in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [1e+03, 1.5e+04] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 15.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 4 duplicates, spread 15.0×.
  • Slug `internalResistance` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.

bayesian context

z = 3.14 vs MFC posterior (n=24 papers, mu=343, log-sigma=0.34)

MED
MERC

Local PDF d3c2f0ace069

— · — · rule: within_paper_duplicate

Paper reports coulombic_efficiency 8 times in the same conditionSet, ranging from 0.02 to 0.22 (11.0× spread). Spread is 10-30× — well beyond measurement noise; likely a contradiction between two reports.

accounted for 22% ± 4% of the current (methane coulombic efficiency).

chain of thoughtSame canonical slug, same conditionSet → values agree within toleranceMED▸ expand

inputs

  • coulombic_efficiency_low:0.020 %(raw: 2.0 (coulombic efficiency))
  • coulombic_efficiency_high:0.22 %(raw: 22.0 (coulombic efficiency))

computation

  1. Found 8 measurements of coulombic_efficiency in the same conditionSet.
  2. Range: [0.02, 0.22] (SI scale).
  3. Spread: 11.0× — beyond typical reporting tolerance (~2×).
  4. ConditionSet groups within-paper observations at the same operating point; same-slug duplicates in the set should agree unless the paper explicitly distinguishes them.

why this confidence

  • 8 duplicates, spread 11.0×.
  • Slug `coulombic_efficiency` is not in the bio-variance exclusion list.
MED
MFC

Local PDF ec595df70f28

— · — · rule: ocv_thermodynamic_ceiling

OCV of 2.1 V exceeds the thermodynamic ceiling for MFC systems. Within the range where unusual cathode chemistry could justify the reading.

The open-circuit maximum voltage generated 2100 mv

chain of thoughtOCV ≤ 1.3 V (MFC ceiling)MED▸ expand

inputs

  • openCircuitVoltage:2.10 V(raw: 2100.0 mV)
  • system_class_ceiling:1.30 V(Logan 2008 §2.3 + 20-30% slack)

computation

  1. Paper system class: MFC.
  2. Thermodynamic ceiling for MFC: 1.3 V (O2 cathode + typical anode redox at pH 7, with slack).
  3. Reported OCV = 2.1 V (from raw value 2100.0 mV).
  4. Ratio observed/ceiling = 1.6×.

why this confidence

  • OCV 2.1 V exceeds the MFC ceiling (1.3 V) by 62%.
  • Within the range where novel cathode chemistry might justify it; review the paper's cathode.
LOW
OTHER

Biomass-derived 3D hydrogel bioanode for improved EET processes and COD removal efficiency

He et al. · 2024 · rule: power_identity

Reported peak power doesn't match V·I from the same operating point. Mismatch is small enough that it could be measurement noise.

reaching a maximum of 1800 mW/m2.

chain of thoughtP = V × ILOWz=+0.91▸ expand

inputs

  • voltage:0.80 V(interpreted as cell voltage (voltage))
  • currentDensity:6.00 A/m²
  • powerDensity:1.80 W/m²

computation

  1. Pick cell voltage: 0.8 V (from voltage, EPD 9aecad0f).
  2. Pick current density: 6 A/m² (from currentDensity).
  3. Apply identity P = V × I.V·I = 0.8 × 6 = 4.8 W/m²
  4. Observed P = 1.8 W/m²; ratio observed/predicted = 0.37× (|log₁₀| = 0.43).

why this confidence

  • Mismatch is 0.4× — could be measurement noise or value-selection mismatch.

bayesian context

z = 0.91 vs OTHER posterior (n=23 papers, mu=0.234, log-sigma=0.97)

LOW
MFC

Exploring a new clean technology in renewable energy production: The system design of Aloe vera-based plant microbial fuel cells

Çek et al. · 2024 · rule: non_positive

Value reported as ≤ 0 for a quantity that must be > 0. Sign convention or extraction error.

this study reaching a value of approximately -35 µA/cm2

chain of thoughtvalue > 0MED▸ expand

inputs

  • Diffusion Current Density Limit (Aloe vera P-MFC):-35.0 µA/cm2

computation

  1. Reported Diffusion Current Density Limit (Aloe vera P-MFC) = -35 µA/cm2; expected > 0.

why this confidence

  • Diffusion Current Density Limit (Aloe vera P-MFC) = -35 ≤ 0, expected > 0.
LOW
MEC

Exploring key operational factors for improving hydrogen production in a pilot-scale microbial electrolysis cell treating urban wastewater

Guerrero-Sodric et al. · 2023 · rule: removal_out_of_unit_interval

Removal efficiency outside 0-100% / 0-1.

Additionally, a NEP of −0.104 kWh kg−1 COD degraded could be achieved with an EE of 109%, if HRT in the MEC was decreased to 26 h.

chain of thought0 ≤ removal ≤ 100%MED▸ expand

inputs

  • removal_efficiency:109 %

computation

  1. Reported removal = 109 %; bound is [0, 100.0].

why this confidence

  • Removal efficiency 109 outside [0, 100.0]; likely a unit-format mix-up.
LOW
MERC

Saline Sediments as a Suitable Source for Halophilic Inoculums to Degrade Azo Dyes in Synthetic and Real Textile Wastewaters by Microbial Electrochemical Systems

Saadaoui et al. · 2023 · rule: non_positive

Value reported as ≤ 0 for a quantity that must be > 0. Sign convention or extraction error.

A decolorization rate of 55% was recorded in 5 days when STWW1 was treated by SCD as inoculum. During this period, no current density was recorded

chain of thoughtvalue > 0MED▸ expand

inputs

  • currentDensity:0 A/m2

computation

  1. Reported currentDensity = 0 A/m2; expected > 0.

why this confidence

  • currentDensity = 0 ≤ 0, expected > 0.
LOW
MEC

Enhancement of Biogas Production from Cattle Manure in a Combined Microbial Electrolysis Cell and Anaerobic Digestion System At Short Hydraulic Retention Time

Dalkilic et al. · 2022 · rule: removal_out_of_unit_interval

Removal efficiency outside 0-100% / 0-1.

Energy efficiency relative to additional methane production and electrical input in MEC+AD was found approximately 380 %.

chain of thought0 ≤ removal ≤ 100%MED▸ expand

inputs

  • removal_efficiency:380 %

computation

  1. Reported removal = 380 %; bound is [0, 100.0].

why this confidence

  • Removal efficiency 380 outside [0, 100.0]; likely a unit-format mix-up.
LOW
MFC

Potential Use of Mango Waste and Microalgae Spirulina sp. for Bioelectricity Generation

–Noriega et al. · 2022 · rule: power_identity

Reported peak power doesn't match V·I from the same operating point. (Upstream flag preserved; strict inputs unavailable in this conditionSet.)

a maximum power density of 657.958 ± 21.114 mW/cm2 at a current density of 4.484 A/cm2

chain of thoughtP = V × Ireviewz=+5.54▸ expand

inputs

  • powerDensity:6580 W/m²

computation

  1. Triggering powerDensity row found, but no compatible voltage or current available in this conditionSet.
  2. Strict check skipped; flag preserved from upstream consistency_flags but cannot be reproduced.

why this confidence

  • No cell voltage or OCV+current pair in conditionSet — can't strictly revalidate.

bayesian context

z = 5.54 vs MFC posterior (n=50 papers, mu=0.152, log-sigma=0.84)

LOW
MFC

Winogradsky Bioelectrochemical System as a Novel Strategy to Enrich Electrochemically Active Microorganisms from Arsenic-Rich Sediments

Cantillo-González et al. · 2022 · rule: non_positive

Value reported as ≤ 0 for a quantity that must be > 0. Sign convention or extraction error.

The LSV results revealed no peak at −0.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and a clear cathodic peak at −0.55 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) with a cathodic current density as high as −413 ± 48 µA cm−2

+2 more violations on this paper

chain of thoughtvalue > 0MED▸ expand

inputs

  • Cathodic Current Density at −0.55 V:-413 µA/cm²

computation

  1. Reported Cathodic Current Density at −0.55 V = -413 µA/cm²; expected > 0.

why this confidence

  • Cathodic Current Density at −0.55 V = -413 ≤ 0, expected > 0.
LOW
OTHER

Biogas Upgradation Through CO2 Conversion Into Acetic Acid via Microbial Electrosynthesis

Roy et al. · 2021 · rule: non_positive

Value reported as ≤ 0 for a quantity that must be > 0. Sign convention or extraction error.

at −1 V, the current density (in mA/cm2) of biocathodes are −0.3 (for 0.5 ml/min), −0.4 (for 0.3 ml/min), and −1.2 (for 0.2 ml/min)

+3 more violations on this paper

chain of thoughtvalue > 0MED▸ expand

inputs

  • currentDensity:-3.00 mA/cm2

computation

  1. Reported currentDensity = -3 mA/cm2; expected > 0.

why this confidence

  • currentDensity = -3 ≤ 0, expected > 0.
LOW
MEC

Performance and Community Structure Dynamics of Microbial Electrolysis Cells Operated on Multiple Complex Feedstocks

Satinover et al. · 2020 · rule: removal_out_of_unit_interval

Removal efficiency outside 0-100% / 0-1.

Electrical efficiency ranged between 127.1–155.2% considering all substrates

+1 more violation on this paper

chain of thought0 ≤ removal ≤ 100%MED▸ expand

inputs

  • removal_efficiency:155 %

computation

  1. Reported removal = 155 %; bound is [0, 100.0].

why this confidence

  • Removal efficiency 155 outside [0, 100.0]; likely a unit-format mix-up.
LOW
OTHER

Progress Towards Bioelectrochemical Remediation of Hexavalent Chromium

Beretta et al. · 2019 · rule: power_identity

Reported peak power doesn't match V·I from the same operating point. Mismatch is small enough that it could be measurement noise.

the authors reported power densities of 7.0 mW/m2 and 55.5 mW/m2 depending on initial Cr(VI) concentration (22 and 63 mg/L, respectively).

chain of thoughtP = V × ILOWz=-0.65▸ expand

inputs

  • voltage:0.41 V(interpreted as cell voltage (voltage))
  • currentDensity:0.033 A/m²
  • powerDensity:0.056 W/m²

computation

  1. Pick cell voltage: 0.41 V (from voltage, EPD b8536d68).
  2. Pick current density: 0.0325 A/m² (from currentDensity).
  3. Apply identity P = V × I.V·I = 0.41 × 0.0325 = 0.0133 W/m²
  4. Observed P = 0.0555 W/m²; ratio observed/predicted = 4.2× (|log₁₀| = 0.62).

why this confidence

  • Mismatch is 4.2× — could be measurement noise or value-selection mismatch.

bayesian context

z = -0.65 vs OTHER posterior (n=23 papers, mu=0.234, log-sigma=0.97)

LOW
OTHER

Enhancing the Performance of Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell using Graphene Oxide – Zeolite Modified Anode and V2O5 Catalyzed Cathode

Noori et al. · 2018 · rule: power_identity

Reported peak power doesn't match V·I from the same operating point. (Upstream flag preserved; strict inputs unavailable in this conditionSet.)

The SMFC with GZMA and V2O5/Vulcan XC composite catalyst (SMFC-4) was able to recover a power density of 15.2 mW/m2 from fresh water aquaculture pond.

chain of thoughtP = V × Ireviewz=-1.23▸ expand

inputs

  • powerDensity:0.015 W/m²

computation

  1. Triggering powerDensity row found, but no compatible voltage or current available in this conditionSet.
  2. Strict check skipped; flag preserved from upstream consistency_flags but cannot be reproduced.

why this confidence

  • No cell voltage or OCV+current pair in conditionSet — can't strictly revalidate.

bayesian context

z = -1.23 vs OTHER posterior (n=23 papers, mu=0.234, log-sigma=0.97)

LOW
OTHER

Redox dependent metabolic shift in Clostridium autoethanogenum by extracellular electron supply

Kracke et al. · 2016 · rule: non_positive

Value reported as ≤ 0 for a quantity that must be > 0. Sign convention or extraction error.

the total maximum cathodic current was comparable for the different mediators (~−0.032 mA/cm2)

chain of thoughtvalue > 0MED▸ expand

inputs

  • current_density:-0.32 mA/cm2

computation

  1. Reported current_density = -0.32 mA/cm2; expected > 0.

why this confidence

  • current_density = -0.32 ≤ 0, expected > 0.
LOW
MFC

Local PDF 0f3653ae1dd6

— · — · rule: power_identity

Reported peak power doesn't match V·I from the same operating point. Mismatch is small enough that it could be measurement noise.

The study documented a maximum power density of 7.11874mW/m2 with the current density of 97.34mA/m2.

chain of thoughtP = V × ILOWz=-1.59▸ expand

inputs

  • voltage:0.27 V(interpreted as cell voltage (voltage))
  • currentDensity:0.097 A/m²
  • powerDensity:0.0071 W/m²

computation

  1. Pick cell voltage: 0.27 V (from voltage, EPD cbdc0064).
  2. Pick current density: 0.0973 A/m² (from currentDensity).
  3. Apply identity P = V × I.V·I = 0.27 × 0.0973 = 0.0263 W/m²
  4. Observed P = 0.00712 W/m²; ratio observed/predicted = 0.27× (|log₁₀| = 0.57).

why this confidence

  • Mismatch is 0.3× — could be measurement noise or value-selection mismatch.

bayesian context

z = -1.59 vs MFC posterior (n=50 papers, mu=0.152, log-sigma=0.84)

LOW
OTHER

Local PDF 8c0dafcfcedb

— · — · rule: non_positive

Value reported as ≤ 0 for a quantity that must be > 0. Sign convention or extraction error.

The graphite plate electrode showed the highest consumption of cur- rent and power (based on the applied voltage and current) and current density ( 93 A, 83 mW m 2, 52 mA m 2)

+5 more violations on this paper

chain of thoughtvalue > 0MED▸ expand

inputs

  • powerDensity:-0.083 mW/m^2

computation

  1. Reported powerDensity = -0.083 mW/m^2; expected > 0.

why this confidence

  • powerDensity = -0.083 ≤ 0, expected > 0.
LOW
MFC

Local PDF 9b6d9049dc57

— · — · rule: power_identity

Reported peak power doesn't match V·I from the same operating point. Mismatch is small enough that it could be measurement noise.

and the maximum power density was 1.82 mW/m2

chain of thoughtP = V × ILOWz=-2.29▸ expand

inputs

  • voltage:0.30 V(interpreted as cell voltage (voltage))
  • currentDensity:0.0023 A/m²
  • powerDensity:0.0018 W/m²

computation

  1. Pick cell voltage: 0.304 V (from voltage, EPD b4a51640).
  2. Pick current density: 0.00226 A/m² (from currentDensity).
  3. Apply identity P = V × I.V·I = 0.304 × 0.00226 = 0.000687 W/m²
  4. Observed P = 0.00182 W/m²; ratio observed/predicted = 2.6× (|log₁₀| = 0.42).

why this confidence

  • Mismatch is 2.6× — could be measurement noise or value-selection mismatch.

bayesian context

z = -2.29 vs MFC posterior (n=50 papers, mu=0.152, log-sigma=0.84)

Opportunities

(30)
TIGHT
MEC

Acetate × Graphene Aerogel × MEC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 19.0 W/m^2 (95% CI: 8.77–41.3)

The MEC corpus has 55 papers but none combine acetate with graphene aerogel at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.88 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 7.50 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Graphene aerogel anode for MFC (2012) — 7.50 W/m^2

Graphene-modified MFC anode performance (2014) — 6.20 W/m^2

TIGHT
MEC

Acetate × Graphene Aerogel × MEC × pilotscale

Predicted powerDensity = 19.0 W/m^2 (95% CI: 8.77–41.3)

The MEC corpus has 55 papers but none combine acetate with graphene aerogel at pilotscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.88 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 1.60 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Scaled MEC for wastewater treatment (2010) — 1.60 W/m^2

Graphene aerogel anode for MFC (2012) — 7.50 W/m^2

TIGHT
MEC

Glucose × Graphene Aerogel × MEC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 19.0 W/m^2 (95% CI: 8.77–41.3)

The MEC corpus has 55 papers but none combine glucose with graphene aerogel at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.88 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 2.30 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Stainless mesh in glucose MEC (2011) — 2.30 W/m^2

Carbon felt anode in glucose MEC (2011) — 1.90 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Acetate × Graphene Aerogel × MFC × pilotscale

Predicted powerDensity = 9.11 W/m^2 (95% CI: 5.76–14.4)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine acetate with graphene aerogel at pilotscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.88 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 7.50 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Graphene aerogel anode for MFC (2012) — 7.50 W/m^2

Graphene-modified MFC anode performance (2014) — 6.20 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Glucose × Graphene Aerogel × MFC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 9.11 W/m^2 (95% CI: 5.76–14.4)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine glucose with graphene aerogel at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.88 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 7.50 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Graphene aerogel anode for MFC (2012) — 7.50 W/m^2

Graphene-modified MFC anode performance (2014) — 6.20 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Wastewater × Graphene Aerogel × MFC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 9.11 W/m^2 (95% CI: 5.76–14.4)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine wastewater with graphene aerogel at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.88 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 7.50 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Graphene aerogel anode for MFC (2012) — 7.50 W/m^2

Graphene-modified MFC anode performance (2014) — 6.20 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Wastewater × Graphene Aerogel × MFC × pilotscale

Predicted powerDensity = 9.11 W/m^2 (95% CI: 5.76–14.4)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine wastewater with graphene aerogel at pilotscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.88 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 0.32 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Pilot wastewater MFC (2007) — 0.32 W/m^2

Pilot MFC for industrial wastewater (2010) — 0.22 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Sucrose × Graphene Aerogel × MFC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 9.11 W/m^2 (95% CI: 5.76–14.4)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine sucrose with graphene aerogel at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.88 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 7.50 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Graphene aerogel anode for MFC (2012) — 7.50 W/m^2

Graphene-modified MFC anode performance (2014) — 6.20 W/m^2

TIGHT
MEC

Glucose × Stainless Mesh × MEC × pilotscale

Predicted powerDensity = 12.6 W/m^2 (95% CI: 5.79–27.3)

The MEC corpus has 55 papers but none combine glucose with stainless mesh at pilotscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.70 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 2.30 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Stainless mesh in glucose MEC (2011) — 2.30 W/m^2

Stainless steel mesh anode in MEC (2009) — 5.10 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Acetate × Stainless Mesh × MFC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 6.01 W/m^2 (95% CI: 3.80–9.51)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine acetate with stainless mesh at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.70 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 7.50 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Graphene aerogel anode for MFC (2012) — 7.50 W/m^2

Graphene-modified MFC anode performance (2014) — 6.20 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Glucose × Stainless Mesh × MFC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 6.01 W/m^2 (95% CI: 3.80–9.51)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine glucose with stainless mesh at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.70 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 2.30 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Stainless mesh in glucose MEC (2011) — 2.30 W/m^2

MWCNT anode in glucose MFC (2012) — 1.80 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Wastewater × Stainless Mesh × MFC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 6.01 W/m^2 (95% CI: 3.80–9.51)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine wastewater with stainless mesh at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.70 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 0.51 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Carbon felt anode in wastewater MFC (2010) — 0.51 W/m^2

Single-chamber wastewater MFC (2009) — 0.44 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Wastewater × Stainless Mesh × MFC × pilotscale

Predicted powerDensity = 6.01 W/m^2 (95% CI: 3.80–9.51)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine wastewater with stainless mesh at pilotscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.70 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 0.32 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Pilot wastewater MFC (2007) — 0.32 W/m^2

Pilot MFC for industrial wastewater (2010) — 0.22 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Sucrose × Stainless Mesh × MFC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 6.01 W/m^2 (95% CI: 3.80–9.51)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine sucrose with stainless mesh at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.70 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 2.30 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Graphite brush anode + sucrose (2011) — 2.30 W/m^2

Carbon felt sucrose MFC (2013) — 1.05 W/m^2

TIGHT
MEC

Acetate × Mwcnt × MEC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 6.91 W/m^2 (95% CI: 3.18–15.0)

The MEC corpus has 55 papers but none combine acetate with mwcnt at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.44 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 5.10 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Stainless steel mesh anode in MEC (2009) — 5.10 W/m^2

Direct biological conversion of acetate to H2 (2009) — 4.50 W/m^2

TIGHT
MEC

Acetate × Mwcnt × MEC × pilotscale

Predicted powerDensity = 6.91 W/m^2 (95% CI: 3.18–15.0)

The MEC corpus has 55 papers but none combine acetate with mwcnt at pilotscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.44 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 1.60 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Scaled MEC for wastewater treatment (2010) — 1.60 W/m^2

Stainless steel mesh anode in MEC (2009) — 5.10 W/m^2

TIGHT
MEC

Glucose × Mwcnt × MEC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 6.91 W/m^2 (95% CI: 3.18–15.0)

The MEC corpus has 55 papers but none combine glucose with mwcnt at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.44 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 2.30 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Stainless mesh in glucose MEC (2011) — 2.30 W/m^2

Carbon felt anode in glucose MEC (2011) — 1.90 W/m^2

TIGHT
MEC

Glucose × Graphite Brush × MEC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 6.42 W/m^2 (95% CI: 2.96–13.9)

The MEC corpus has 55 papers but none combine glucose with graphite brush at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.41 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 3.80 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

MEC with various anode materials (2009) — 3.80 W/m^2

Stainless mesh in glucose MEC (2011) — 2.30 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Acetate × Mwcnt × MFC × pilotscale

Predicted powerDensity = 3.31 W/m^2 (95% CI: 2.09–5.23)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine acetate with mwcnt at pilotscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.44 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 3.40 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

MWCNT anode in air-cathode MFC (2013) — 3.40 W/m^2

Graphene aerogel anode for MFC (2012) — 7.50 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Glucose × Mwcnt × MFC × pilotscale

Predicted powerDensity = 3.31 W/m^2 (95% CI: 2.09–5.23)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine glucose with mwcnt at pilotscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.44 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 1.80 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

MWCNT anode in glucose MFC (2012) — 1.80 W/m^2

MWCNT anode in air-cathode MFC (2013) — 3.40 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Wastewater × Mwcnt × MFC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 3.31 W/m^2 (95% CI: 2.09–5.23)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine wastewater with mwcnt at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.44 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 3.40 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

MWCNT anode in air-cathode MFC (2013) — 3.40 W/m^2

MWCNT anode in glucose MFC (2012) — 1.80 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Wastewater × Mwcnt × MFC × pilotscale

Predicted powerDensity = 3.31 W/m^2 (95% CI: 2.09–5.23)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine wastewater with mwcnt at pilotscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.44 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 0.32 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Pilot wastewater MFC (2007) — 0.32 W/m^2

Pilot MFC for industrial wastewater (2010) — 0.22 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Sucrose × Mwcnt × MFC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 3.31 W/m^2 (95% CI: 2.09–5.23)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine sucrose with mwcnt at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.44 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 3.40 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

MWCNT anode in air-cathode MFC (2013) — 3.40 W/m^2

Graphite brush anode + sucrose (2011) — 2.30 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Acetate × Graphite Brush × MFC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 3.07 W/m^2 (95% CI: 1.94–4.86)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine acetate with graphite brush at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.41 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 7.50 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Graphene aerogel anode for MFC (2012) — 7.50 W/m^2

Graphene-modified MFC anode performance (2014) — 6.20 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Glucose × Graphite Brush × MFC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 3.07 W/m^2 (95% CI: 1.94–4.86)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine glucose with graphite brush at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.41 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 2.30 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Graphite brush anode + sucrose (2011) — 2.30 W/m^2

MWCNT anode in glucose MFC (2012) — 1.80 W/m^2

TIGHT
MFC

Sucrose × Graphite Brush × MFC × pilotscale

Predicted powerDensity = 3.07 W/m^2 (95% CI: 1.94–4.86)

The MFC corpus has 210 papers but none combine sucrose with graphite brush at pilotscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.41 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 2.30 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Graphite brush anode + sucrose (2011) — 2.30 W/m^2

Pilot MFC for industrial wastewater (2010) — 0.22 W/m^2

MEDIUM
MDC

Saline_Wastewater × Graphene Aerogel × MDC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 3.02 W/m^2 (95% CI: 0.58–15.8)

The MDC corpus has 18 papers but none combine saline_wastewater with graphene aerogel at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.88 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 0.55 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Carbon felt anode for MDC (2012) — 0.55 W/m^2

MDC scaled for seawater desalination (2011) — 0.41 W/m^2

MEDIUM
MDC

Saline_Wastewater × Stainless Mesh × MDC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 1.99 W/m^2 (95% CI: 0.38–10.4)

The MDC corpus has 18 papers but none combine saline_wastewater with stainless mesh at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.70 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 0.55 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Carbon felt anode for MDC (2012) — 0.55 W/m^2

MDC scaled for seawater desalination (2011) — 0.41 W/m^2

MEDIUM
MES

Co2 × Graphene Aerogel × MES × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 1.51 W/m^2 (95% CI: 0.30–7.74)

The MES corpus has 22 papers but none combine co2 with graphene aerogel at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.88 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 0.51 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Granular graphite for MES from CO2 (2014) — 0.51 W/m^2

Carbon felt in MES for organic acid synthesis (2015) — 0.42 W/m^2

MEDIUM
MDC

Saline_Wastewater × Mwcnt × MDC × benchscale

Predicted powerDensity = 1.09 W/m^2 (95% CI: 0.21–5.73)

The MDC corpus has 18 papers but none combine saline_wastewater with mwcnt at benchscale. Priors predict log10(P) shift of +0.44 vs the corpus-median anode; 3 adjacent paper(s) report 0.55 W/m² as a nearest neighbor.

adjacent

Carbon felt anode for MDC (2012) — 0.55 W/m^2

MDC scaled for seawater desalination (2011) — 0.41 W/m^2

Statistical Anomalies

(50)
EXTREME
OTHER

Local PDF f0655748b6b8

— · — · score -0.47

hydraulic_retention_time = 600.0 (z=3.42)

Robust z-score 3.4 on hydraulic_retention_time: in the tail of the joint distribution.

EXTREME
MFC

Local PDF 9b6d9049dc57

— · — · score -0.46

currentDensity = 2.26 (z=-2.83)

Robust z-score 2.8 on currentDensity: in the tail of the joint distribution.

EXTREME
OTHER

Local PDF b94296f168b7

— · — · score -0.46

temperature = 850.0 (z=167.7)

Robust z-score 167.7 on temperature: in the tail of the joint distribution.

EXTREME
MEC

The different behaviour of Thermotoga neapolitana in the anodic and cathodic compartment of a bioelectrochemical system

Cristiani et al. · 2022 · score -0.45

appliedPotential = 4.10 (z=16.4)

Robust z-score 16.4 on appliedPotential: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
OTHER

Generating Electricity Using Microbial Fuel Cell Powered by Benthic Mud Collected From Two Locations in Akure, Nigeria

V et al. · 2017 · score -0.45

current_raw = 3.00e-8 (z=-11.81)

Robust z-score 11.8 on current_raw: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MFC

Microbial Structure and Energy Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells Powered with Waste Anaerobic Digestate

Nosek et al. · 2020 · score -0.45

voltage = 0.06 (z=-4.15)

Robust z-score 4.2 on voltage: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MFC

Local PDF 367366160045

— · — · score -0.44

cyclic_voltammetry_scan_rate = 1.00e-3 (z=-5.29)

Robust z-score 5.3 on cyclic_voltammetry_scan_rate: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MFC

Boosting o-xylene removal and power generation in an airlift microbial fuel cell system

Chen et al. · 2023 · score -0.44

cyclic_voltammetry_scan_rate = 1.00e-3 (z=-5.29)

Robust z-score 5.3 on cyclic_voltammetry_scan_rate: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
OTHER

Electricity Generation from Waste Tomatoes, Banana, Pineapple Fruits and Peels Using Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells (SMFC)

IA · 2019 · score -0.42

cod_concentration = 5.60 (z=-4.89)

Robust z-score 4.9 on cod_concentration: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MFC

Bioelectrochemical Treatment Technology—The New Practical Approach for Wastewater Management and GHG Emissions Reduction

Babanova et al. · 2022 · score -0.42

cod_removal = 33.0 (z=-3.46)

Robust z-score 3.5 on cod_removal: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
OTHER

Local PDF 228eb8543f73

— · — · score -0.42

temperature = 11.5 (z=-3.45)

Robust z-score 3.4 on temperature: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
OTHER

Tofu Wastewater (TWW) Treatment and Hydrogen (H2) Production by Using A Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC) System

Satar et al. · 2023 · score -0.42

current_raw = 0.03 (z=-2.98)

Robust z-score 3.0 on current_raw: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
OTHER

A nickel oxide-decorated in situ grown 3-D graphitic forest engrained carbon foam electrode for microbial fuel cells.

Singh et al. · 2021 · score -0.42

cod_removal = 43.9 (z=-2.56)

Robust z-score 2.6 on cod_removal: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MFC

Simulation of Hybrid Microbial Fuel Cell-Adsorption System Performance: Effect of Anode Size on Bio-Energy Generation and COD Consumption Rate

MOHAMAD et al. · 2024 · score -0.42

voltage = 7.10e-4 (z=-13.15)

Robust z-score 13.1 on voltage: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MFC

Local Fruit Waste Driven Benthic Microbial Fuel Cell: A Sustainable Approach to Toxic Metal Removal and Bioelectricity Generation

Yaqoob et al. · 2021 · score -0.42

powerDensity = 0.30 (z=-3.57)

Robust z-score 3.6 on powerDensity: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
OTHER

Impact of applied cell voltage on the performance of a microbial electrolysis cell fully catalysed by microorganisms

Lim et al. · 2019 · score -0.42

coulombic_efficiency = 246.0 (z=8.01)

Robust z-score 8.0 on coulombic_efficiency: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
REVIEW

Local PDF 03a0b8173534

— · — · score -0.41

openCircuitVoltage = 4.00 (z=20.3)

Robust z-score 20.3 on openCircuitVoltage: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MSC

Co-culturing Chlorella vulgaris and Cystobasidium oligophagum JRC1 in the Microbial fuel cell (MFC) cathode for lipid biosynthesis.

Mishra et al. · 2023 · score -0.41

internalResistance = 1.68 (z=-4.23)

Robust z-score 4.2 on internalResistance: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MFC

Local PDF 31d55c6f43c2

— · — · score -0.41

powerDensity = 2.47e+5 (z=4.80)

Robust z-score 4.8 on powerDensity: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
REVIEW

PERSPECTIVE | NOVEMBER 10 2010

Lee et al. · 2010 · score -0.41

powerDensity = 2.47e+5 (z=4.80)

Robust z-score 4.8 on powerDensity: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MFC

Local PDF ec595df70f28

— · — · score -0.41

openCircuitVoltage = 2.10 (z=8.92)

Robust z-score 8.9 on openCircuitVoltage: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MDC

Local PDF d26c95cc91b3

— · — · score -0.41

pH = 8.35 (z=2.45)

Robust z-score 2.5 on pH: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
OTHER

Local PDF 000e103a7ab8

— · — · score -0.41

voltage = 6.45 (z=5.33)

Robust z-score 5.3 on voltage: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MFC

Synergistic of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and glucose oxidase enzyme as co-biocatalyst of enzymatic microbial fuel cell (EMFC) in converting sugarcane bagasse extract into electricity

Christwardana et al. · 2023 · score -0.41

pH = 4.20 (z=-5.69)

Robust z-score 5.7 on pH: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MES

Graphene oxide and H2 production from bioelectrochemical graphite oxidation

Lu et al. · 2015 · score -0.41

appliedPotential = 2.44 (z=8.05)

Robust z-score 8.0 on appliedPotential: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MFC

Bioelectrochemical Purification of Biomass Polymer Derived Furfural Wastewater and Its Electric Energy Recovery

Tian et al. · 2023 · score -0.40

powerDensity = 0.13 (z=-4.08)

Robust z-score 4.1 on powerDensity: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
not_BES

Development of a Bionic Material for Deep-Sea High-Efficiency Filtration and Power Generation Inspired by the Mechanism of the Deep-Sea Feather Duster Worm

Que · 2026 · score -0.40

openCircuitVoltage = 3.20 (z=15.5)

Robust z-score 15.5 on openCircuitVoltage: in the tail of the joint distribution.

HIGH
MFC

Local PDF 5829328fbf27

— · — · score -0.40

pH = 4.18 (z=-5.73)

Robust z-score 5.7 on pH: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
OTHER

Bioelectrochemical performance of microbial fuel cell powered electro-Fenton system (MFCⓅEFs) with composite PANI-Mn/CF anode

Lv et al. · 2022 · score -0.40

pH = 3.00 (z=-8.04)

Robust z-score 8.0 on pH: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MFC

Preliminary Study of the Use of Sulphonated Polyether Ether Ketone (SPEEK) as Proton Exchange Membrane for Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)

Permana et al. · 2018 · score -0.40

cod_removal = 41.1 (z=-2.79)

Robust z-score 2.8 on cod_removal: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
OTHER

Bioelectrochemical Methane Production from Food Waste in Anaerobic Digestion Using a Carbon-Modified Copper Foam Electrode

An et al. · 2020 · score -0.40

cod_concentration = 1.92e+4 (z=2.12)

Robust z-score 2.1 on cod_concentration: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
OTHER

Treatment of Sewage Sludge Using Anaerobic Digestion in Malaysia: Current State and Challenges

Hanum et al. · 2019 · score -0.40

pH = 5.00 (z=-4.12)

Robust z-score 4.1 on pH: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MERC

Local PDF 16f6125fcf0b

— · — · score -0.39

hydraulic_retention_time = 2.16e+3 (z=4.89)

Robust z-score 4.9 on hydraulic_retention_time: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MFC

The Energy Production and Efficiency Treatment of ML-MFC Using High Organic Content Wastewater

Mukimin · 2020 · score -0.39

cod_removal = 21.0 (z=-4.44)

Robust z-score 4.4 on cod_removal: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
OTHER

Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells with Chemical Coagulation Technique for Advanced Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Shabangu et al. · 2022 · score -0.39

temperature = 4.00 (z=-4.98)

Robust z-score 5.0 on temperature: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
OTHER

Microbial Fuel Cell Study for the Generation of Electricity Using Waste Water

Maharathi et al. · 2021 · score -0.39

powerDensity = 5.62e+3 (z=2.47)

Robust z-score 2.5 on powerDensity: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MFC

Developing and Optimization of Fragmented Electroactive Biofilm Reactor (FAB) to Increase Microbial Fuel Cell Bioelectricity Generation and Treatment Performance

Atnafu et al. · 2021 · score -0.39

hydraulic_retention_time = 600.0 (z=3.42)

Robust z-score 3.4 on hydraulic_retention_time: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MES

Engineering an electroactive Escherichia coli for the microbial electrosynthesis of succinate from glucose and CO2

Wu et al. · 2019 · score -0.39

coulombic_efficiency = 310.0 (z=10.4)

Robust z-score 10.4 on coulombic_efficiency: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
OTHER

Assisting cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms by microbial fuel cells to enhance nutrients recovery from wastewater

Colombo et al. · 2017 · score -0.39

pH = 10.5 (z=6.67)

Robust z-score 6.7 on pH: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MFC

Study of The Effect of pH on The Performance of Microbial Fuel Cell for Generation of Bioelectricity

Halim et al. · 2021 · score -0.39

voltage = 12.5 (z=6.67)

Robust z-score 6.7 on voltage: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MFC

Local PDF 35c58d0689a7

— · — · score -0.39

temperature = 73.5 (z=9.20)

Robust z-score 9.2 on temperature: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MFC

Local PDF 0f3653ae1dd6

— · — · score -0.39

current_raw = 272.0 (z=2.85)

Robust z-score 2.8 on current_raw: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MFC

Local PDF c2a7eb306257

— · — · score -0.39

internalResistance = 8.20e+3 (z=2.99)

Robust z-score 3.0 on internalResistance: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
OTHER

Investigation and modeling of wastewater treatment, electricity generation and coulombic efficiency by new design nested cylindrical dual chamber microbial fuel cell

Akçay et al. · 2025 · score -0.38

voltage = 0.24 (z=-1.38)

Robust z-score 1.4 on voltage: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MEC

OPTIMIZATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MICROBIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM SAGO WASTEWATER SUBSTRATE

Asrul et al. · 2024 · score -0.38

hydraulic_retention_time = 384.0 (z=2.91)

Robust z-score 2.9 on hydraulic_retention_time: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MES

Role of microbial electrosynthesis system in CO2 capture and conversion: a recent advancement toward cathode development

Ibrahim et al. · 2023 · score -0.38

current_raw = 370.0 (z=3.04)

Robust z-score 3.0 on current_raw: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MFC

Bioelectrochemical Greywater Treatment for Non-Potable Reuse and Energy Recovery

Cecconet et al. · 2021 · score -0.38

pH = 8.43 (z=2.61)

Robust z-score 2.6 on pH: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MEC

Long-term performance of a microbial electrolysis cell operated with periodic disconnection of power supply

Hussain et al. · 2018 · score -0.38

appliedPotential = 1.50 (z=3.37)

Robust z-score 3.4 on appliedPotential: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
MFC

Effect of Hydraulic Retention Time on Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Energy

Alvarado-Camarillo et al. · 2025 · score -0.38

pH = 8.93 (z=3.59)

Robust z-score 3.6 on pH: in the tail of the joint distribution.

MED
OTHER

Use of Wastewater and Electrogenic Bacteria to Generate Eco-Friendly Electricity through Microbial Fuel Cells

Cruz-Noriega et al. · 2023 · score -0.38

voltage = 4.79 (z=4.72)

Robust z-score 4.7 on voltage: in the tail of the joint distribution.

Statistical Outliers

(40)
EXTREME
OTHER

Microbial fuel cell assisted band gap narrowed TiO2 for visible light-induced photocatalytic activities and power generation

Khan et al. · 2018

operating_voltage = 200.0 kV (z = +171650.18)

vs global posterior, n=15 papers, μ=0.52 V, 95% CI [-0.15, 1.05]

Also outlier on: ph (z = +3.31)

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=15).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 1.1652

SI value used: 2.00e+5 V.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 1.72e+5.

EXTREME
OTHER

Local PDF f7ee8cba2690

— · —

influent_cod = 147.7 g/L (z = +124.27)

vs OTHER posterior, n=12 papers, μ=1.16e+3 mg/L, 95% CI [516.2, 1.88e+3]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=12).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 1179.1592

SI value used: 1.48e+5 mg/L.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 124.3.

EXTREME
MES

Atomically-precise dopant-controlled single cluster catalysis for electrochemical nitrogen reduction

Yao et al. · 2020

influent_temperature = 100.0 K (z = −27.15)

vs global posterior, n=38 papers, μ=27.9 C, 95% CI [25.6, 29.8]

Also outlier on: influent_temperature (z = +5.14)

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=38).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 7.4066

SI value used: -173.15 C.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 27.1.

EXTREME
MFC

Electricity Generation and Color Removal at Sulfate-Reducing Conditions in Microbial Fuel Cell

Akman et al. · 2019

dissolved_oxygen = 60.0 mg/L (z = +15.45)

vs global posterior, n=10 papers, μ=4.72 mg/L, 95% CI [2.92, 6.65]

Also outlier on: dissolved_oxygen (z = +11.79), dissolved_oxygen (z = +8.52), dissolved_oxygen (z = +7.07)

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=10).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 3.5767

SI value used: 60.0 mg/L.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 15.5.

EXTREME
MEC

Lab-Scale Experiment and Model Study on Enhanced Digestion of Wastewater Sludge using Bioelectrochemical Systems

Asztalos · 2014

influent_cod = 21.6 g/L (z = +12.94)

vs global posterior, n=24 papers, μ=1.40e+3 mg/L, 95% CI [821.1, 2.01e+3]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=24).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 1561.0268

SI value used: 2.16e+4 mg/L.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 12.9.

EXTREME
MFC

Electricity Production by Microbial Fuel Cell Using Cheese Whey Wastewater of the Dairy Industry in Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Mahato et al. · 2022

open_circuit_voltage = 7.00 V (z = +11.10)

vs global posterior, n=7 papers, μ=0.34 V, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.79]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=7).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 0.5999

SI value used: 7.00 V.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 11.1.

EXTREME
MFC

Local PDF 1b8cfdc66969

— · —

influent_cod = 1.96e+4 mg/l (z = +8.02)

vs MFC posterior, n=9 papers, μ=1.77e+3 mg/L, 95% CI [282.3, 3.24e+3]

Also outlier on: influent_cod (z = +6.67), influent_cod (z = +5.92)

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=9).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 2219.0455

SI value used: 1.96e+4 mg/L.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 8.02.

EXTREME
MFC

Utilization of Distillery Wastewater in a Microbial Fuel Cell Based on Microbial Sulfate Reduction

P et al. · 2025

influent_cod = 19.5 g/l (z = +7.99)

vs MFC posterior, n=9 papers, μ=1.77e+3 mg/L, 95% CI [282.3, 3.24e+3]

Also outlier on: influent_cod (z = +7.99), influent_cod (z = +7.81), influent_cod (z = +7.32)

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=9).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 2219.0455

SI value used: 1.95e+4 mg/L.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 7.99.

EXTREME
MBES

Local PDF 8daaa4ffddd1

— · —

peak_current = 3.00 A (z = +6.96)

vs global posterior, n=60 papers, μ=0.09 A, 95% CI [2.99e-5, 0.20]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=60).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 0.4177

SI value used: 3.00 A.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 6.96.

EXTREME
MEC

Potential for Utilizing POME to Produce Biohydrogen Gas Using Microbial Electrolysis Cell

Hartanto et al. · 2022

currentDensity = 11.9 A cm-2 (z = +6.81)

vs MEC posterior, n=12 papers, μ=2.27 A/m^2, 95% CI [1.05, 4.59]

Also outlier on: currentDensity (z = +6.49), currentDensity (z = +6.07)

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: log. Prior bucket: specific (n=12).

z = (log₁₀ x − μ_log) / √(τ_log² + σ_within_log²)

predictive log-SD = 0.6924

SI value used: 1.19e+5 A/m^2.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 6.81.

HIGH
MFC

Role and Important Properties of a Membrane with Its Recent Advancement in a Microbial Fuel Cell

Banerjee et al. · 2022

voltage = 35.0 V (z = +5.88)

vs MFC posterior, n=38 papers, μ=1.26 V, 95% CI [-0.76, 3.12]

Also outlier on: membrane_thickness (z = +3.47)

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=38).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 5.7358

SI value used: 35.0 V.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 5.88.

HIGH
MFC

Living Bacteria Directly Embedded into Electrospun Nanofibers: Design of New Anode for Bio-Electrochemical Systems

Massaglia et al. · 2021

appliedPotential = 10.0 kV (z = +5.75)

vs global posterior, n=36 papers, μ=368.7 V, 95% CI [130.2, 819.0]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=36).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 1674.7153

SI value used: 1.00e+4 V.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 5.75.

HIGH
OTHER

The Effect of Total Suspended Solids on the Electricity Generation in Microbial Fuel Cell Treating Actual Potato Chips Processing Wastewater

Ismail et al. · 2019

influent_cod = 7.90e+3 mg/L (z = +5.71)

vs OTHER posterior, n=12 papers, μ=1.16e+3 mg/L, 95% CI [516.2, 1.88e+3]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=12).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 1179.1592

SI value used: 7.90e+3 mg/L.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 5.71.

HIGH
MDC

Accomplishing a N-E-W (nutrient-energy-water) synergy in a bioelectrochemical nitritation-anammox process

Ghimire et al. · 2019

energy_efficiency = 588.0 % (z = +5.18)

vs global posterior, n=31 papers, μ=0.53 fraction, 95% CI [0.16, 0.86]

Also outlier on: energy_efficiency (z = +4.81), energy_efficiency (z = +4.75)

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=31).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 1.0327

SI value used: 5.88 fraction.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 5.18.

HIGH
OTHER

The Effects of Surface Roughness of the Stainless-Steel Anode on Electricity Enhancement of Microbial Fuel Cell

Kulchartvijit et al. · 2022

external_load = 1.00 MOhm (z = −4.82)

vs OTHER posterior, n=18 papers, μ=204.7 ohm, 95% CI [58.8, 640.9]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: log. Prior bucket: specific (n=18).

z = (log₁₀ x − μ_log) / √(τ_log² + σ_within_log²)

predictive log-SD = 1.1027

SI value used: 1.00e-3 ohm.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 4.82.

HIGH
MEC

Role of C/N ratio in a pilot scale Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC) for biomethane production and biogas upgrading

Cristiani et al. · 2023

peak_current = 288.0 mA (z = +4.41)

vs MEC posterior, n=10 papers, μ=0.02 A, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.06]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=10).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 0.0604

SI value used: 0.29 A.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 4.41.

HIGH
MFC

GREEN APPROACH FOR THE TREATMENT OF TEXTILE WASTEWATER USING MICROBIAL FUEL CELL AND BIOELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

SRIVASTAVA et al. · 2022

influent_cod = 1.12e+4 mg/L (z = +4.25)

vs MFC posterior, n=9 papers, μ=1.77e+3 mg/L, 95% CI [282.3, 3.24e+3]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=9).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 2219.0455

SI value used: 1.12e+4 mg/L.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 4.25.

HIGH
OTHER

Electricity generation from renewable source- A leachate based microbial fuel cell machine learning approach

Mohammad et al. · 2024

substrate_concentration = 1.59e-3 mg/L (z = −4.23)

vs OTHER posterior, n=14 papers, μ=253.0 mg/L, 95% CI [59.5, 1.01e+3]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: log. Prior bucket: specific (n=14).

z = (log₁₀ x − μ_log) / √(τ_log² + σ_within_log²)

predictive log-SD = 1.2295

SI value used: 1.59e-3 mg/L.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 4.23.

HIGH
REVIEW

Production of Microbial Fuel Cell Material from Industrial Wastewater Sludge: Recent Trends and Development

Hidalgo et al. · 2024

cod_removal = 3.00 % (z = −4.19)

vs REVIEW posterior, n=17 papers, μ=0.75 fraction, 95% CI [0.71, 0.78]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=17).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 0.1710

SI value used: 0.03 fraction.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 4.19.

HIGH
not_BES

Genome-based microbial ecology of anammox granules in a full-scale wastewater treatment system

Speth et al. · 2016

reactor_volume = 600.0 m3 (z = +4.16)

vs global posterior, n=113 papers, μ=0.09 L, 95% CI [0.05, 0.16]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: log. Prior bucket: global (n=113).

z = (log₁₀ x − μ_log) / √(τ_log² + σ_within_log²)

predictive log-SD = 1.6449

SI value used: 6.00e+5 L.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 4.16.

HIGH
MFC

ENHANCING ELECTRICITY GENERATION USING FUNGAL LACCASE-BASED MICROBIAL FUEL CELL

Moubasher et al. · 2024

acetic_acid_concentration = 0.03 ppm (z = −4.15)

vs global posterior, n=14 papers, μ=642.8 mg/L, 95% CI [185.9, 2.14e+3]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: log. Prior bucket: global (n=14).

z = (log₁₀ x − μ_log) / √(τ_log² + σ_within_log²)

predictive log-SD = 1.0424

SI value used: 0.03 mg/L.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 4.15.

HIGH
OTHER

Electrical output of bryophyte microbial fuel cell systems is sufficient to power a radio or an environmental sensor

Bombelli et al. · 2016

external_load = 6.97 MΩ (z = −4.05)

vs OTHER posterior, n=18 papers, μ=204.7 ohm, 95% CI [58.8, 640.9]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: log. Prior bucket: specific (n=18).

z = (log₁₀ x − μ_log) / √(τ_log² + σ_within_log²)

predictive log-SD = 1.1027

SI value used: 6.97e-3 ohm.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 4.05.

MED
MFC

Penggunaan Substrat Glukosa Berbagai Konsentrasi sebagaiSumber Karbon Microbial Fuel Cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae untuk Menghasilkan Energi Listrik

Nurhakim et al. · 2016

peak_current = 132.3 mA (z = +3.97)

vs MFC posterior, n=21 papers, μ=4.89e-3 A, 95% CI [-2.76e-4, 0.01]

Also outlier on: peak_current (z = +3.12)

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=21).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 0.0321

SI value used: 0.13 A.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.97.

MED
REVIEW

Microalgal Microbial Fuel Cells: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms and Electrochemical Performance

Montoya-Vallejo et al. · 2025

powerDensity = 584.5 mW cm−2 (z = +3.63)

vs REVIEW posterior, n=17 papers, μ=0.27 W/m^2, 95% CI [0.09, 0.83]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: log. Prior bucket: specific (n=17).

z = (log₁₀ x − μ_log) / √(τ_log² + σ_within_log²)

predictive log-SD = 1.1922

SI value used: 5.84e+3 W/m^2.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.63.

MED
MFC

Performance of a Batch Operation Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) with Cobalt Micronutrient Addition Based on Kinetic Models

Juliastuti et al. · 2024

powerDensity = 1.00e+4 W/m² (z = +3.57)

vs MFC posterior, n=50 papers, μ=0.15 W/m^2, 95% CI [0.07, 0.32]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: log. Prior bucket: specific (n=50).

z = (log₁₀ x − μ_log) / √(τ_log² + σ_within_log²)

predictive log-SD = 1.3483

SI value used: 1.00e+4 W/m^2.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.57.

MED
MES

Microbial Electrosynthesis: Where Do We Go from Here?

Jourdin et al. · 2020

electrolyte_conductivity = 90.0 mS cm−1 (z = +3.53)

vs global posterior, n=21 papers, μ=1.77 S/m, 95% CI [0.98, 2.56]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=21).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 2.0492

SI value used: 9.00 S/m.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.53.

MED
OTHER

Utilization of Montmorillonite-Modified Earthenware from Bentonite-Ca as a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Membrane Based on Tempe Liquid Waste as a Substrate

Sudarlin et al. · 2020

membrane_thickness = 1.00 cm (z = +3.47)

vs global posterior, n=6 papers, μ=1.08e-3 m, 95% CI [-6.54e-4, 2.84e-3]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=6).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 0.0026

SI value used: 0.01 m.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.47.

MED
MFC

Comparison of Exoelectrogenic Bacteria Detected Using Two Different Methods: U-tube Microbial Fuel Cell and Plating Method

Yu et al. · 2012

coulombic_efficiency = 93.0 % (z = +3.46)

vs MFC posterior, n=20 papers, μ=0.16 fraction, 95% CI [0.08, 0.26]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=20).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 0.2216

SI value used: 0.93 fraction.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.46.

MED
MES

Autotrophic Acetate Production under Hydrogenophilic and Bioelectrochemical Conditions with a Thermally Treated Mixed Culture

Cristiani et al. · 2022

voltage = -12.00 V (z = −3.43)

vs global posterior, n=94 papers, μ=0.81 V, 95% CI [0.10, 1.57]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=94).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 3.7384

SI value used: -12.00 V.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.43.

MED
MDC

Current-driven nitrate migration out of groundwater by using a bioelectrochemical system

Tong et al. · 2014

pH = 12.0 pH (z = +3.42)

vs global posterior, n=92 papers, μ=6.90 pH, 95% CI [6.60, 7.16]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=92).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 1.4914

SI value used: 12.0 pH.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.42.

MED
OTHER

Enhanced bioelectrochemical degradation of Thiabendazole using biostimulated Tunisian hypersaline sediments: kinetics, efficiency, and microbial community shifts

Saidi et al. · 2025

substrateConcentration = 0.50 ppm (z = −3.36)

vs global posterior, n=16 papers, μ=609.6 mg/L, 95% CI [217.5, 1.66e+3]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: log. Prior bucket: global (n=16).

z = (log₁₀ x − μ_log) / √(τ_log² + σ_within_log²)

predictive log-SD = 0.9198

SI value used: 0.50 mg/L.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.36.

MED
MFC

Autonomous Flyback Converter for Energy Harvesting from Microbial Fuel Cells

Khaled et al. · 2015

voltage = 20.0 V (z = +3.27)

vs MFC posterior, n=38 papers, μ=1.26 V, 95% CI [-0.76, 3.12]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=38).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 5.7358

SI value used: 20.0 V.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.27.

MED
MFC

Local PDF c85aaf6db561

— · —

electrode_surface_area = 37.9 m2 (z = +3.19)

vs MFC posterior, n=25 papers, μ=1.74e-3 m^2, 95% CI [5.21e-4, 6.30e-3]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: log. Prior bucket: specific (n=25).

z = (log₁₀ x − μ_log) / √(τ_log² + σ_within_log²)

predictive log-SD = 1.3609

SI value used: 37.9 m^2.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.19.

MED
MDC

Modelisation and Optimization of a Microbial Desalination Cell System

Chaouachi · 2020

external_load = 0.10 Ω (z = −3.16)

vs global posterior, n=48 papers, μ=200.9 ohm, 95% CI [109.8, 359.1]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: log. Prior bucket: global (n=48).

z = (log₁₀ x − μ_log) / √(τ_log² + σ_within_log²)

predictive log-SD = 1.0445

SI value used: 0.10 ohm.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.16.

MED
OTHER

Local PDF bc6b9c491fb0

— · —

ph = 3.80 pH (z = −3.16)

vs OTHER posterior, n=11 papers, μ=6.97 pH, 95% CI [6.43, 7.50]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=11).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 1.0043

SI value used: 3.80 pH.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.16.

MED
REVIEW

Bio-Hydrogen Production from Wastewater: A Comparative Study of Low Energy Intensive Production Processes

Islam et al. · 2021

coulombic_efficiency = 83.6 % (z = +3.16)

vs REVIEW posterior, n=9 papers, μ=0.18 fraction, 95% CI [0.09, 0.28]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: specific (n=9).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 0.2073

SI value used: 0.84 fraction.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.16.

MED
MEC

Local PDF 7aa3c6b63788

— · —

currentDensity = 15.2 mA/m² (z = −3.14)

vs MEC posterior, n=12 papers, μ=2.27 A/m^2, 95% CI [1.05, 4.59]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: log. Prior bucket: specific (n=12).

z = (log₁₀ x − μ_log) / √(τ_log² + σ_within_log²)

predictive log-SD = 0.6924

SI value used: 0.02 A/m^2.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.14.

MED
MFC

Isolation of two iron-reducing facultative anaerobic electricigens and probing the application performance in eutrophication water

Zhang et al. · 2020

ammonium_removal = 19.0 % (z = −3.12)

vs global posterior, n=26 papers, μ=0.76 fraction, 95% CI [0.71, 0.82]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=26).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 0.1840

SI value used: 0.19 fraction.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.12.

MED
REVIEW

Bioelectrochemical Systems (BES) for Biomethane Production – Review

Gönczi et al. · 2023

electron_recovery_efficiency = 1.10e+3 % (z = +3.12)

vs global posterior, n=13 papers, μ=1.42 fraction, 95% CI [-0.27, 3.00]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=13).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 3.0728

SI value used: 11.0 fraction.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.12.

MED
MBES

Proving the automatic benchtop electrochemical station for the development of dopamine and paracetamol sensors

Haššo et al. · 2024

ph = 2.00 pH (z = −3.10)

vs global posterior, n=42 papers, μ=6.66 pH, 95% CI [6.23, 7.05]

chain-of-thought (math)

Scale: linear. Prior bucket: global (n=42).

z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²)

predictive SD = 1.5018

SI value used: 2.00 pH.

|z| ≥ 6 → EXTREME · 4–6 → HIGH · 3–4 → MED. Threshold passed: |z| = 3.10.

Corpus version v2-2026-05-11 · generated 2026-05-11T22:39:46Z · methodology

  • Each violation is strictly revalidated by scripts/hunter/build_hunter_jsons.py before display.
  • Strict revalidator drops upstream flags whose strict inputs (e.g. cell voltage for V·I) are unavailable or whose magnitude ratio falls within reporting tolerance.
  • Bayesian z-score on Violation cards is diagnostic only — not used to gate flags.
  • Outliers column uses the *predictive* z = (x − μ) / √(τ² + σ_within²) on the hierarchical-priors-v1 posterior, system-class-specific when n_papers ≥ 8 else global pooled.
  • Outliers exclude papers already in Violations or Anomalies to avoid double-counting.
  • Opportunities engine not yet implemented; column is empty by design.