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This review synthesizes conventional biological nitrogen removal processes (nitrification, denitrification, anammox) with emerging bioelectrochemical systems (MFCs, MECs) for wastewater treatment. It addresses simultaneous challenges of nitrogen contamination and energy scarcity by exploring removal mechanisms, microorganisms involved, and process technologies. Additionally, nitrogen recovery pathways via microalgae, cyanobacteria, struvite precipitation, and other methods are evaluated, alongside emerging processes like CANON, SHARON, and OLAND that enable single-reactor or COD-independent nitrogen removal.

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Abstract

Water contamination due to various nitrogenous pollutants generated from wastewater treatment plants is a crucial and ubiquitous environmental problem now-a-days. Nitrogen contaminated water has manifold detrimental effects on human health as well as aquatic life. Consequently, various biological treatment processes are employed to transform the undesirable forms of nitrogen in wastewater to safer ones for subsequent discharge. In this review, an overview of various conventional biological treatment processes (viz. nitrification, denitrification, and anammox) have been presented along with recent novel bioelectrochemical methods (viz. microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells). Additionally, nitrogen is an indispensable nutrient necessary to produce artificial fertilizers by fixing dinitrogen gas from the atmosphere. Thus, this study also explored the potential capability of various nitrogen recovery processes from wastewater (like microalgae, cyanobacteria, struvite precipitation, stripping, and zeolites) that are used in industries. Further, the trade-offs, challenges posed by these processes have been dwelt on along with other biological processes like CANON, SHARON, OLAND, and others.

Keywords

AnammoxWastewaterSewage treatmentDenitrificationStruviteNitrogen

Identifiers

DOI
10.3390/nitrogen3020020
Journal
Nitrogen
Year
2022