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This perspective paper examines cathode-enhanced wastewater treatment in bioelectrochemical systems (BES), addressing the limitation that anode effluent alone cannot meet discharge or reuse standards. The authors categorize cathode treatments into cathode-stimulated (direct electron transfer for reduction of nitrate, dyes, metals, recalcitrant compounds) and cathode-supported approaches (loop operation, algal bioreactors, advanced oxidation, membrane integration). The paper synthesizes recent advances, identifies key challenges including energy-contaminant removal tradeoffs and cathode fouling, and proposes synergistic anode-cathode designs for maximized treatment performance.

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Abstract

AbstractBioelectrochemical systems (BES) have been intensively studied as a new technology for wastewater treatment. However, the treatment efficiency of BES anodes is limited and the anode effluent usually cannot be directly discharged or reused. To enhance the treatment, BES cathodes may be used for additional treatment of selected contaminants. This has been investigated in a number of approaches, which can be grouped into cathode-stimulated treatment and cathode-supported treatment. The former involves electron transfer directly to reduce contaminants like nitrate or dye compounds, while the latter can accomplish contaminant removal by aerobic oxidation, algal growth, production of strong oxidants for advanced oxidation, and/or membrane treatment. This paper aims to provide a concise view and discussion on the cathode-promoted wastewater treatment in BES, analyze challenges pertaining to the cathode treatment, and offer suggestions on the future development of BES for maximized treatment performance.

Keywords

CathodeEffluentSewage treatmentWastewaterAnodeNitrate

Identifiers

DOI
10.1038/s41545-018-0022-x
Journal
npj Clean Water
Year
2018