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This review synthesizes progress in nitrogen removal using bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), focusing on cathodic biofilm-mediated processes. BESs offer advantages over conventional biological nitrogen removal, including low energy requirements and capacity to treat wastewaters with low C/N ratios by using the cathode as a solid electron donor. The paper covers denitrification, simultaneous nitrification–denitrification (SND), shortcut SND, and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) processes, along with reactor configurations, biofilm structure, and operational factors affecting nitrogen removal efficiency.

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Abstract

Nitrogenous compounds attract great attention because of their environmental impact and harmfulness to the health of human beings. Various biological technologies have been developed to reduce the environmental risks of nitrogenous pollutants. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are considered to be a novel biological technology for removing nitrogenous contaminants by virtue of their advantages, such as low energy requirement and capacity for treating wastewaters with a low C/N ratio. Therefore, increasing attention has been given to carry out biological processes related to nitrogen removal with the aid of cathodic biofilms in BESs. Prior studies have evaluated the feasibility of conventional biological processes including nitrification, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox), separately or combined together, to remove nitrogenous compounds with the help of BESs. The present review summarizes the progress of developments in BESs in terms of the biological process, cathodic biofilm, and affecting factors for efficient nitrogen removal.

Keywords

AnammoxBiochemical engineeringPollutantNitrificationSimultaneous nitrification-denitrificationDenitrification

Identifiers

DOI
10.3390/pr8070831
Journal
Processes
Year
2020