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This study investigates whether the load ratio concept—the ratio of current density to TAN loading rate—can predict ammonia recovery efficiency in bioelectrochemical systems (BES), as previously demonstrated in electrochemical systems (ES). Using microbial electrolysis cells coupled to gas-permeable membrane modules, the authors tested human and synthetic urine at various dilutions and conditions. Results show a clear increasing trend in TAN removal efficiency with load ratio, reaching 60.9% at a load ratio of 0.7, demonstrating that the load ratio concept applies to BES despite the interdependence of current density and TAN loading rate.

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Abstract

Abstract BACKGROUND The load ratio is a crucial parameter to optimize the current driven recovery of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) from urine. The load ratio is the ratio between the current density and the TAN loading rate. It is currently not known if the load ratio concept applies to a bioelectrochemical system (BES) because the current density and TAN loading rate cannot be controlled independently. RESULTS We found a clear increasing trend in TAN removal efficiency with respect to load ratio in the BES for both human and synthetic urine. The maximum TAN removal efficiency was 60.9% at a load ratio of 0.7, corresponding to a TAN transport rate of 119 gN m −2 day −1 at an electrical energy input of 1.9 kWh kgN −1 (synthetic urine). Low load ratios (<1) were obtained, indicating that the current was not enough to transport all the TAN across the membrane. CONCLUSIONS BES and ES show the same general relationship between TAN removal efficiency and load ratio. Therefore, given a stable current density, the concept of load ratio can also predict the TAN removal efficiency in BES. Higher current densities, and insights into the factors limiting current, are needed to increase the load ratio and therefore the TAN removal efficiency. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Keywords

Current (fluid)AmmoniaCurrent densityLimitingLimiting currentAnalytical Chemistry (journal)

Identifiers

DOI
10.1002/jctb.5992
Journal
Journal of Chemical Technology &amp; Biotechnology
Year
2019