Discover insights from thousands of peer-reviewed papers on microbial electrochemical systems
John A. Troller
Journal of Milk and Food Technology · 1973
Water limitation techniques can be useful tools to preserve food materials not only from autodecomposition, but also from microbial decomposition. Besides those organisms that might render a food unfit to eat because they can produce adverse compositional and textural changes, food-borne bacterial pathogens are also influenced by the amount of available water. This review considers several major food-borne bacterial pathogens and the effect of water limitation on various aspects of their growth. Wherever possible, references have been included which pertain to the influence of water limitation on these organisms in foods. The data reviewed indicate that food-borne bacterial pathogens in general can grow at water activity levels of 0.83 to 0.999. The implications of this wide aw range for prevention of growth of food pathogens and thus, the safety of foods, are discussed.
Regivaldo Silva de Sousa, Ulrich Vasconcelos
Applied Microbiology: Theory ＆ Technology · 2022
The trans-isomer of resveratrol is a naturally occurring bioactive compound, and it is important because of its biological properties, which are beneficial to health. In recent years, interest in the antimicrobial activity of this molecule has grown; little is known, however, about its antibiofilm activity. This systematic review focused on the advances in research on the topic, in the decade up to 2021. With most studies coming from Asia, research on trans-resveratrol, alone or associated, have shown potential for exploration by the food industry. Low concentrations of the compound exhibit activity against biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria whose inhibition mechanisms are multifactorial and involve quorum sensing. Few bacterial species, however, have been investigated up to now.
Venetia A. Saunders, Richard Gregory, Jon R. Saunders
Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Second Edition · 2009
Individual-based computational modeling of biological systems is an important complement to experimental research. The individual-based model (IbM) is a bottom-up approach that considers the fate of individuals, their properties and interactions, and the influence of these interactions, holistically, on properties of the system. This contrasts with population- based models dependent on averaged behaviour of the whole system (DeAngelis & Gross, 1992; Huston, DeAngelis, & Post, 1988). IbMs can track individuals in time so that unusual events can be captured. They are particularly suited to biological simulations, where individuals might represent virtual plants, animals, or microorganisms in differing ecosystems. Lower complexity, coupled with the wealth of genetic knowledge about bacteria, allow for more realistic simulations compared with higher organisms. Accordingly, a lineage of IbMs, including Bacteria Simulator (BacSim) (Kreft, Booth, & Wimpenny, 1998; Kreft, Picioreanu, Wimpenny, & van Loosdrecht, 2001), INDividual DIScrete SIMulation (INDISIM) (Ginovart, Lopez, & Gras, 2005; Ginovart, Lopez, & Valls, 2002; Prats, Lopez, Giro, Ferrer, & Valls, 2006), COmputing Systems of Microbial Interactions and Communications (COSMIC) (Gregory, Paton, Saunders, & Wu, 2004; Paton, Gregory, Vlachos, Saunders, & Wu, 2004), RUle-based BActerial Modeling (RUBAM) (Paton, Vlachos, Wu, & Saunders, 2006; Vlachos, Paton, Saunders, & Wu, 2006) and COSMIC-Rules (Gregory, Saunders, & Saunders, 2006, 2008b), based on COSMIC and RUBAM, has been developed for bacterial simulations. Although all these models are individual-based, underlying simulation mechanisms and aims vary. BacSim was the first to use IbM in a recognizable biological context (Kreft et al., 1998, 2001) aiming to model growth and cell division, quantitatively, at the population level, using a pseudocontinuous 2-dimensional world with restricted nutrients. INDISIM is based on stronger mathematical foundations, and is a discrete space and time stochastic simulation of colony growth, largely based on random variables (Ginovart et al., 2002). Each cell is a set of parameters existing at a discrete location. COSMIC uses pseudocontinuous space and discrete time to model evolution of cells (Gregory et al., 2004). Each cell contains a bit string genome that interacts with itself and the environment. This model is largely deterministic, although random events do have a role. It can run in a parallel machine, though any random effects this creates have been removed. RUBAM is a simplification of COSMIC, with pseudocontinuous space, discrete time, and a much more simplified genome. It aims to model adaptation (Vlachos et al., 2006). The simplified genome allows for comparatively rapid simulations that show adaptation and acquired resistance to antibiotics. COSMIC-Rules is a culmination of IbM modeling design, having an effective balance of modeling detail while being computationally tractable (Gregory et al., 2006, 2008b). Like COSMIC, it is a parallel simulation with pseudocontinuous space and discrete time. It uses a genome abstraction to represent the conditions and outputs of complex biochemical pathways, while incorporating an element of specificity and means of simulating evolution. Like the other IbMs considered here, each individual has its own parameters and state. Unlike the other IbMs, the scope of COSMIC-Rules covers vertical and horizontal gene transfer using populations of millions of cells.
Purbajyoti Deka, Gajanan T. Mehetre, Esther Lalnunmawii et al.
Fermentation · 2021
Traditional fermented foods have been recognized by various communities to be good for health since ancient times. There is a provincial legacy of traditional fermented foods among the ethnic population of North-East India. Fermented bamboo shoots (local name: Tuaither), soybeans (Bekang), and pork fat (Sa-um) are famous in the Mizoram state and represent a primary portion of the daily diet. These foods are prepared using methods based on cultural traditions inherited from previous generations, and prepared using a relatively uncontrolled fermentation process. Analysis of the bacterial diversity in these foods can provide important information regarding the flavor and texture of the final products of fermentation. Unfortunately, studies on the microbial composition and health benefits of such traditional fermented foods have rarely been documented. Therefore, the present study aims to highlight this bacterial diversity, along with the proximate composition of different traditional fermented foods (Tuaither, Bekang and Sa-um) primarily consumed in Mizoram state, India. Samples were collected on three different days of fermentation (3rd, 5th and 7th day), and bacterial diversity analysis was performed using the V3-V4 variable region of 16S rRNA gene with Illumina sequencing. Results revealed differences in the bacterial composition of dominant group members among all of the three food types. Firmicutes (82.72–94.00%), followed by Proteobacteria (4.67–15.01%), were found to dominate to varying degrees in all three of the fermented foods. However, at genus level high variation was observed in bacterial composition among these three different types of fermented foods. Lactobacillus (91.64–77.16%), Staphylococcus (52.00–17.90%), and Clostridium (72.48–55.40%) exhibited the highest relative abundances in the Tuaither, Bekang and Sa-um foods, respectively, in descending order from the 3rd to 7th day of fermentation. A few of the bacterial genera such as Lactobacilli were positively correlated with fermented bamboo shoot samples, and Staphylococcus was positively correlated with protein, carbohydrate and crude fiber content in soybean samples. In general, Tuaither, Bekang and Sa-um exhibited distinct differences in bacterial composition. This variation may be due to differences in the raw materials and/or methods used in the preparation of the different fermented food products. This is the first study to describe the bacterial composition of these traditional fermented foods using high-throughput sequencing techniques, and could help to drive research attention to comprehensive studies on improving understanding of the role of microbial communities in the preparation of traditional foods and their health benefits.
Burdet Heinemann, M. Robert Rohr
Journal of Milk and Food Technology · 1953
A simplified screening test is described for estimating the bacterial population of Grade A milk. The method employs an anchor-shaped dipper for measuring and sampling milk from the weigh-vat. The sample is transferred directly to prepared dilution bottles. A 0.01 ml milk transfer loop is used to inoculate 3 ml of agar in a 1-ounce screw-cap bottle. The bottle is laid on its side, incubated 48 hours, and the colonies counted. The number of colonies multiplied by 5,000 yields the bacterial estimates. Results compare favorably with the Standard Plant Count.
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering · 2019
Cracks formed in concrete are inescapable and are one of the major reasons for the weaknesses of concrete. Majorly water along with other components penetrate through these cracks resulting in corrosion thereby reducing the strength of concrete directly hampering its life. The objective of present research work is to promote sustainable development and to identify sustainable materials for treating cracks formed in concrete. Various researches have shown positive results by adding calcite precipitating bacteria in concrete, also known as bacterial concrete or self-healing concrete. This research is dedicated to check the suitability of mixing these self-healing calcite depositing bacteria with concrete in order to increase the compressive strength of concrete, reduce its permeability and seepage of water by bio-mineralization process. Substantial increase in strength is observed in concrete specimens when casted with bacterial solution. The study has devised methods or ways to test the effect of use of bacteria in concrete. Tests on concrete slab with various combinations of bacterial solution as well as varied percentage of bacterial solution have been conducted. Use of bacterial solution for surface application on slab to test the sealing capacity is done. Results have been compared with conventional concrete. Biological modifications of construction materials are the need of the hour for strength improvement and long term sustainability. The present study proposes a promising sustainable repair method for concrete.
M Meghashree, Neethu Urs, N K Geetha et al.
Research Square · 2025
Abstract This research investigates the self-healing potential of Bacillus subtilis in concrete due to its high capacity for calcium carbonate precipitation. Mathematical modelling and machine learning methods, i.e., Random Forest Method (RFM) and Kuhn-Tucker (KT) Condition, were used to maximize healing efficiency. Bacteria-free and bacteria-containing concrete samples were subjected to control cracking, and results indicated complete healing of cracks in 21 days under optimal curing conditions. Comparative study of river sand (RS) and manufactured sand (MS) in bacterial concrete indicated improved mechanical strength in MS-based bacterial concrete with 9.27% improvement in compressive strength and 12.78% and 6.36% improvement in split tensile and flexural strengths, respectively. Load removal and subsequent re-loading tests indicated effective healing of cracks up to 1 mm, especially in 14 day cured samples. Besides, reinforced concrete beams (M20, M25 and M30) were subjected to flexural stress and load removal and subsequent re-loading. 14 and 28-day cured beams exhibited complete closure of cracks within 21 days, indicating the dependability of bacterial self-healing mechanisms. This research identifies Bacillus subtilis-based self-healing concrete as a cost-effective, sustainable, and durable material for infrastructure durability. Future studies should aim at field application, large-scale production, and optimization of bacterial survival rates for global application.
Ryosuke Kadoya, Hitomi Soga, Miki Matsuda et al.
Polymers · 2023
The lactate-based polyester poly[lactate (LA)-co-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB)], termed LAHB, is a highly transparent and flexible bio-based polymeric material. There are many unknowns regarding its degradation process in riverine environments, especially the changes in bacterial flora that might result from its degradation and the identities of any LAHB-degrading bacteria. LAHB were immersed in the river water samples (A and B), and LAHB degradation was observed in terms of the weight change of the polymer and the microscopic changes on the polymer surfaces. A metagenomic analysis of microorganisms was conducted to determine the effect of LAHB degradation on the aquatic environment. The bacterial flora obtained from beta diversity analysis differed between the two river samples. The river A water sample showed the simultaneous degradation of LA and 3HB even though the copolymer was LA-enriched, suggesting preferable hydrolysis of the LA-enriched segments. In contrast, only 3HB degraded for the LAHB in the river B water sample. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed 14 bacteria that were significantly increased in the river A water sample during LAHB degradation, suggesting that these bacteria preferentially degraded and assimilated LA-clustering polymers. Our metagenomic analysis provides useful insights into the dynamic changes in microbial communities and LA-clustering polymer-degrading bacteria.
L. GLASS, T. I. HEDRICK
Journal of Milk and Food Technology · 1976
Five brands of whole milk from retail stores were analyzed for quantitative vitamin changes when the samples had developed off flavor in storage at 10 C. Vitamins A, B6, and niacin decreased by a small but significant amount. Average concentration of thiamine, riboflavin, and B12 were not changed during bacterial growth. Cultures for Dagano cheese and yogurt and two strains of Streptococcus lactis decreased the contents of Vitamin A, riboflavin, and B12 during growth. The averages for thiamine and B6 content were not significantly changed. Niacin content was decreased by growth of each of the four cultures. Three strains of Bacillus subtilis and six other species of bacteria that caused off flavor in milk during growth produced no significant changes in contents of Vitamins A, B6, B12, and riboflavin. The mean contents of thiamine and niacin were decreased, but two species did not cause a decrease in niacin.
Shohreh Khatami, Ghobad Behzadi pour, Sedigheh Fekri aval
Research Square · 2023
Abstract The main objective of this work was to design a large-scale cold atmospheric plasma brush (LSCAPB) that can produce a perfectly homogenous large area capable of producing plasma with a length of about 5 cm for studying the inactivation effect of plasma on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that commonly implicated in Food infections. Gram-positive (L. Monocytogenes, B. Cereus) and Gram-negative (S. Typhi, V. Cholerae) bacteria with an initial population density of 1.5×10 8 CFU mL − 1 were treated, and their survivability with plasma exposure was examined. The effect of plasma exposure in the reduction of bacteria population was investigated using OD600 absorbance, and changes in cell structure and membrane were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Comet assay analysis was used for studying the effect of plasma exposure on DNA damage, and changes in chemical bond were analyzed by FTIR analysis. So, the best destruction is obtained at the voltage of 25 kV for all types of bacteria. This study indicates that the inactivation effect of LSCAPB correlates with the kind of bacteria. We demonstrated LSCAPB can be one of the most efficient methods for the inactivation of different types of bacteria.
Zurai Resti, Yenny Liswarni, Martinius Martinius
Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology · 2020
The consortia of endophytic bacteria with various mechanisms (competition, antibiotics, induction of resistance, and others), simultaneously, are more effective in controlling pathogens and increasing plant growth. The purpose of this study was to obtain endophytic bacterial consortia capable of suppressing of bacterial leaf blight and promoting the growth of rice plants. The study consisted of three experimental stages. The first stage was the test on the antibiosis ability of the endophytic bacterial consortia to suppress of pathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) using the Kirby Bauer method. The second stage was the test on the ability of endophytic bacterial consortia to promote the growth of rice seedlings. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of six combinations of endophytic bacterial consortia and 15 replications within each combination. The endophytic bacterial consortia were introduced by soaking the seeds, and the observations were made on the plant height, number of leaves, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of rice seedlings. Meanwhile, the third stage was the test on the ability of endophytic bacterial consortia to suppress of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) diseases and to promote the rice plant growth. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six combinations of endophytic bacterial consortia and five replications within each combination. The endophytic bacterial consortia were introduced by soaking the roots of the seedlings. The observations were made on the incidence of disease, disease severity, number of leaves, plant height, and number of tillers. The results showed that all endophytic bacterial consortia had antibiosis abilities. The best endophytic bacterial consortia for controlling bacterial leaf blight and promoting the growth of rice seedlings and plants were the C (Bacillus sp SJI; Bacillus sp HI) and D (Bacillus sp SJI; S.marcescens isolate JB1E3) consortia.
Thomas J. Smith
Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology · 2009
Abstract Bacteria that grow using alkenes as their carbon and energy source produce monooxygenase enzymes that catalyze the initial step in alkene metabolism: oxygenation of the alkene to give an epoxide functional group. Among the best characterized groups of alkene‐oxidizing enzymes are multicomponent soluble alkene monooxygenases (AkMOs) that have a binuclear iron active site and are homologous to soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) from methane‐oxidizing bacteria. AkMOs have attracted attention because of their ability to produce valuable chiral epoxides, often with high enantiomeric excess as well as their capacity to bioremediate pollution caused by chlorinated alkenes such as trichloroethene (TCE). At least one industrial process for epoxide production has been developed using AkMO‐expressing cells as the biocatalyst. AkMOs from Rhodococcus rhodochrous B‐276, Xanthobacter autotrophicus Py2, and Mycobacterium spp. have been characterized biochemically and genetically, and systems for genetic modification and directed evolution have been developed, which open the way to use of genetic methods to manipulate the properties of these potentially very useful enzymes. Other alkene‐utilizing bacteria that elaborate the flavin active‐center styrene monooxygenase also have potential for synthesis of chiral epoxides, especially molecules with aromatic substituents. Di‐iron center monooxygenases, including membrane‐associated enzymes unrelated to the soluble di‐iron AkMOs, from bacteria that do not naturally grow on alkenes also catalyze enantioselective epoxygenation of alkenes. Future genetic improvements in the catalytic properties of stereoselective alkene‐oxidizing enzymes, together with a drive toward less polluting and more renewable technology, may lead to greater commercial exploitation of these enzymes for bioremediation and synthesis of chiral epoxides.
Michał Michałowski, Błażej Wacikowski
Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology · 2020
Review of the industrial applications of bacterial cellulose. Bacterial cellulose (BC) differs from plant cellulose in fibre diameter, which for BC is between 20 and 100 nm. Literature data indicates that BC has a crystalline level of 90% and is thermally stable and has higher mechanical properties than plant cellulose. The purity of BC is estimated in the range of 98% because it is not contaminated with lignin, pectin and hemicelluloses like plant cellulose. The BC is used in medicine, cosmetics, electronics, food, paper and packaging industries. So far, bacterial cellulose has not been implemented for technological applications in the wood-based panels industry. Current research and development trends in the wood-based panels industry include the use of plant-based nanocellulose to improve selected properties of wood-based panels of various types. It should be assumed that BC may be a full value material ingredient in the production of wood-based panels, simultaneously improving mechanical and physical parameters of composites manufactured with its participation.
C. N. Huhtanen
Journal of Milk and Food Technology · 1968
Raw milk samples were plated and incubated at seven temperatures (2, 10, 20, 27, 30, 33 and 37 C). Lowest counts were obtained at 37 C. Plates at 33 C showed higher counts than at 37 C but were significantly lower than the other temperatures. The 10, 20, 27 and 30 C incubated plates were not statistically different in counts. When 32 C was substituted for 33 C, there was a significant difference (lower) only in the 37 C count. Colonies from 2, 20, 27, 33 and 37 C plates were picked and stabbed into plates subsequently incubated at these temperatures. All colonies developed best at 20 and 27 C. Evidence is presented that psychrophilic counts can be indirectly determined as the difference between counts at 27 C and 37 C.
Tuğçe Tüccar, Esra Ilhan-Sungur, Gerard Muyzer
Johnson Matthey Technology Review · 2020
Oil fields harbour a wide variety of microorganisms with different metabolic capabilities. To examine the microbial ecology of petroleum reservoirs, a molecular-based approach was used to assess the composition of bacterial communities in produced water of Diyarbakır oil fields in Turkey. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments was performed to characterise the bacterial community structure of produced water samples and to identify predominant community members after sequencing of separated DGGE bands. The majority of bacterial sequences retrieved from DGGE analysis of produced water samples belonged to unclassified bacteria (50%). Among the classified bacteria, Proteobacteria (29.2%), Firmicutes (8.3%), Bacteroidetes (8.3%) and Actinobacteria (4.2%) groups were identified. Pseudomonas was the dominant genus detected in the produced water samples. The results of this research provide, for the first time, insight into the complexity of microbial communities in the Diyarbakır oil reservoirs and their dominant constituents.
А. Kapustyan, N. Cherno
Food Science and Technology · 2016
It is shown that microorganisms are an integral element of the mаcroorganism immune system.Peptidoglycan, muramyldypeptyd, teichoic acids are structural components of cell walls of microorganisms. These componentsare an object for recognition of the innate immunity system. The necessity of the bacteria cell walls destruction with a view toobtain the immunotropic products for enteral consumption, able to overcome the intestinal barrier, was substantiated.The use of lactic acid bacteria (ICD) for such purposes is perspective and safe, since the considerable experience oftheir cultivation was accumulated, in addition, ICD have got «GRAS» (Generally Recognized As Safe) status. Waste productsof ICD are organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins and others. These substances have got antagonist activity, implicitlyaffect on the immune system, reducing the antigenic load caused by pathogenic microorganisms.A number of physical, chemical and biochemical methods of bacteria cell walls destruction were considered. Thepriority methods is the soft influence, namely the use of specific enzymes or hydrolases, own autolyzins with a combination ofphysical destruction methods.
James H. Martin
Journal of Milk and Food Technology · 1974
Sporeforming bacteria are present in practically all raw milk, but usually in small numbers if the milk is produced under modern sanitary conditions. There appears to be no relationship between total bacteria and spore counts, nor between total bacteria and the incidence of any given species of sporeforming organism. Bacillus species account for about 95% of the total sporeforming bacteria in milk, with Clostridium species comprising the remainder. In the United States, approximately 43% of the Bacillus organisms are B. licheniformis and 37% are B. cereus. Reports from some other countries indicate a predominance of B. cereus, or essentially a reversal in the prevalance of these two species. Spores of both these organisms survive low temperature pasteurization, some persisting through even the lower temperatures in the ultra-high range, and recent reports indicate that some sporeformers are psychrotrophic. B. cereus has been implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness, but this is still controversial. Should B. cereus be proven capable of growing in the psychrotrophic range, and also responsible for food-borne illness, then the significance of spores in milk would take on added importance.
Shen’ao Yang
Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology · 2022
The abuse of antibiotics has brought a series of medical problems including the increase of bacterial drug-resistance. Given the current conditions researchers tend to develop a new field of medicines to gradually replace conventional anti-bacterial agents. Nanomaterials-based anti-bacterial agents have drawn tremendous interest because of a range of advantages over traditional anti-bacterial agents including higher efficiency, low provocation of drug-resistance, lower cost and other specific properties given by the nanoscale, making it a research topic in great demand. At present, numerous categories of anti-bacterial agents have been developed and completed with various properties, and along with the process many hypothesis and mechanisms have been suggested to serve as conferences to guide further research and creation. This research aims at summarizing mechanisms of current typical nanomaterials-based anti-bacterial agents including anti-bacterial peptide, carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) and metal nanomaterials while also providing related application fields in order to give a primary and wide acknowledge.
Karl W. Hagen
Journal of Milk and Food Technology · 1970
Bacterial examinations were made of skin surfaces of rabbit carcasses following several methods of processing. There was a correlation between high bacterial counts and shelf life. Prolonged pre-chilling shortened shelf life. The value of adding ice to chill water was not indicated but 15 ppm chlorine lowered bacterial counts and extended shelf life one day. The types of organisms encountered were micrococci, coliforms, gram-positive bacilli, and pasteurellae.
Suman Rai, Shiva Kumar Rai
Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology · 2017
Zanthoxylum armatum is a medicinal plant found in the Himalayan range. The present study was carried out to unravel the antimicrobial activities of Z. armatum oleoresin against bacteria isolated from raw pork and chicken meat sold in Dharan submetropolitan city. Five bacterial species Salmonella enterica var Typhi, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. The antimicrobial activity of oleoresin extracted from Z. armatum was tested by agar well diffusion method and MICs were compared with standard antibiotics against isolated bacteria. The MIC values of oleoresin were ranged from 25-75 μl/mL. Zone of inhibition for oleoresin extracted with acetone was 10 mm (25 μl/mL) against Shigella dysenteriae and Staphylococcus aureus, and 9.5mm (25 μl/mL) against Escherichia coli respectively. Zone of inhibition of oleoresin extracted with chloroform was 12 mm (25 μl/mL) and 11 mm (25 μl/mL) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, that of oleoresin extracted with cyclohexane was 10mm(25 μl/mL and 50 μl/mL) against all the isolates, except Bacillus cereus. Zone of inhibition of oleoresin extracted with methanol was 10mm (25 μl/mL) and 9.5 cm (25 μl/mL) against Shigella dysenteriae and Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli respectively. Zone of inhibition of oleoresin extracted with petroleum ether was 10 mm (25 μl/mL and (50 μl/mL) against Escherichia coli and all the isolates except Escherichia coli. Increasing oleoresin concentrations showed greater antimicrobial effect on the isolates. Bacillus cereus was most affected; comparatively, Salmonella enterica var Typhi was least affected by all the antibiotics.
Gautam Panwar, Ankur Vashishtha, Navdeep Singh et al.
COMPENDIUM OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNOLOGY · 2023
Bacterial infections encompass a diverse array of diseases, each with unique clinical presentations and implications. Accurate and timely diagnosis of these infections is essential for effective patient management, infection control, and antimicrobial stewardship. This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the intricate process of bacterial laboratory diagnosis, highlighting critical steps and methodologies. Starting with the collection and transportation of clinical samples, we underscore the significance of maintaining sample integrity to minimize contamination risks. Precise sample receipt, logging, and preparation are foundational for subsequent diagnostic procedures. Gram staining, a fundamental step, enables the initial classification of bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative, guiding downstream diagnostic decisions. Further processing may be necessitated based on Gram stain findings, with selective media cultivation being central for the isolation of specific bacterial pathogens. In-depth examination of colonial morphology and biochemical tests refines bacterial identification. The chapter delves into the nuances of bacterial identification techniques, ranging from traditional phenotypic assays to advanced molecular methods like PCR and DNA sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing emerges as a pivotal aspect for guiding treatment decisions, and serological tests play a critical role in diagnosing specific bacterial infections. Emphasis is placed on the importance of precise and timely result reporting and the vital role of clinical correlation in interpreting laboratory findings. Looking toward the future, the chapter explores emerging technologies, including automation, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics, poised to revolutionize bacterial diagnosis. These innovations hold the promise of faster turnaround times and enhanced diagnostic accuracy but also bring forth ethical and regulatory considerations. In a medical landscape characterized by ever-evolving pathogens and antimicrobial resistance, the capacity to diagnose bacterial infections with precision remains central to patient care and public health. This chapter provides a comprehensive roadmap for navigating the intricate world of bacterial laboratory diagnosis.
Błażej Wacikowski, Michał Michałowski
Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology · 2020
The possibility of using bacterial cellulose in particleboard technology. The paper presents the results of the influence of bacterial cellulose multiplication on industrial pine particles (used in wood materials technology), and then the use of the obtained biomass in the production of particleboards with reduced density LP1 type. Based on previous preliminary studies it was determined that the most effective growth of bacterial cellulose occurs using 5% wood particles in the breeding mixture. Two series of particleboards were produced: control and containing bacterial cellulose. Selected mechanical properties of produced particleboards (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond) and selected physical properties (swelling and water absorption after 2 and 24 hours of soaking in water) were determined in turn. The boards made with bacterial cellulose had lower MOR and MOE values. Swelling after 2 and 24 hours was lower for boards with bacterial cellulose. The presented tests allow to state that bacterial cellulose can be a potential raw material ingredient in the production of particleboard while meeting the minimum requirements of the technical specification for boards with reduced density LP1.
Mohd Akhlak, Seema Negi, Sanjay Kumar
COMPENDIUM OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNOLOGY · 2023
Upper respiratory and lower respiratory system bacterial infections represent a significant global health burden, contributing to illness (condition) and death rate worldwide. While Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a pivotal concern, this comprehensive study on bacterial infections affecting the respiratory tracts upper and lower, excluding tuberculosis. This study provides thorough understanding of the diverse bacterial pathogens, their epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment modalities.
Qijia Liu
MedScien · 2025
Rice (Oryza sativa) serves as the primary caloric source for over 3.5 billion people, yet its production is jeopardized by bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). This review synthesizes current knowledge on the socioeconomic importance of rice, molecular mechanisms of Xoo pathogenesis, limitations of conventional disease management, and breakthroughs in CRISPR-Cas9-mediated resistance engineering. By analyzing 28 field trials and 17 gene-editing studies, we demonstrate that CRISPR-driven disruption of susceptibility genes (e.g., OsSWEET14) reduces infection rates by 63–89%. However, regulatory fragmentation and pathogen evolutionary arms races necessitate integrated solutions. We propose a three-pillar framework combining CRISPR innovation, pathogen surveillance networks, and policy harmonization to achieve UN Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger).
Shengbo Jiang
Advances in Engineering Technology Research · 2025
Cellulose is a β-1,4 glucose polymer of polysaccharide derived from bacterial or plant cells and the structural backbone of plant cell walls. Compared with plant cellulose, bacterial cellulose’s uniqueness is its higher purity, unique structure, and strong nanoscale properties, making it particularly suitable for applications ranging from wound dressings to high-performance materials in industrial manufacturing. While the biosynthesis of plant cellulose has been studied sufficiently, the synthesis of bacterial cellulose, in particular its kinetic parameters and enzymatic processability, remains poorly understood. This study provides an explanation of the molecular details of the process, including the initiation, elongation, and termination.
Carole Feurer
· 2002
"In the last few years, genomics has profoundly changed research in the biological sciences and in particular in microbiology. Recent studies have demonstrated that comparative genomics is a powerful approach contributing to a deeper understanding of the evolution of microorganisms. Bacterial collections are important resources of microorganisms, however, the potential that genomics has to offer remains to be realised as it is still virtually absent in any study involving strain collections. This feature thus framed the experimental objectives for this study, whose aim was to define the most comprehensive way to apply genomic based methods (high throughput sequencing and bioinformatics) to a strain collection in order to solve the critical problem of microbial identification and classification. The study selected the Coryneform group of organisms, as it constituted a heterogeneous bacterial population, posing a unique technical challenge, containing bacteria which are normally difficult to classify using traditional approaches. Initially a preliminary analysis was performed on the Corynehacterium genus. A total of 207 bacteria of this genus (61 type strains [including 4 non validated isolates], 106 Corynebacterium sp., and 41 C. diphtheriae strains), were obtained from the Collection of the Institut Pasteur (CIP). Strategies used included 16S rRNA sequencing of all isolates together with multilocus sequence typing for strains of the same species. The type strains were first analysed to construct a broad phylogenetic tree, which also contained the sequences of as yet unidentified Corynebacterium sp. The majority of IX these were identified within the tree, but some did not cluster with any of the type strains, thus corresponding to new species. Genomic results data obtained were also compared with the already available phenotypic results from the curators of the CIP collection. Sequencing of two selected house-keeping genes (recA and gyrB) was successfully performed for strains of the C. diphtheriae species. In a final complementary section, to demonstrate the use of the phylogenetic data obtained on the genus corynebacterium, the 16S rRNA gene sequencing strategies developed were applied to surface cheese samples in an attempt to identify any coryneform bacteria present. The latter showed the presence of coryneform along with the biodiversity that naturelly occurs on the surface of the selected cheeses."
Dulce Maria Holanda Maciel, Luísa Córdova Wandscheer, Daniela Novelli
Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology · 2021
Thinking about innovations that reduce environmental impact and offer quality consumer goods is a way of proposing a future scenario governed by eco-efficiency values. Through an exploratory bibliographic and documentary research, which qualitatively analyses Kombucha authors and fermenters, this article seeks to identify the relationship between biomimetics and bacterial fabric production as an eco-efficient product in the fashion market chain. The general objective of this case study is to explain the fermentation process to encourage the search for raw materials inserted in the sustainability proposal.
R. Takors, M. Kopf, Joerg Mampel et al.
Microbial Biotechnology · 2018
The reduction of CO2 emissions is a global effort which is not only supported by the society and politicians but also by the industry. Chemical producers worldwide follow the strategic goal to reduce CO2 emissions by replacing existing fossil‐based production routes with sustainable alternatives. The smart use of CO and CO2/H2 mixtures even allows to produce important chemical building blocks consuming the said gases as substrates in carboxydotrophic fermentations with acetogenic bacteria. However, existing industrial infrastructure and market demands impose constraints on microbes, bioprocesses and products that require careful consideration to ensure technical and economic success. The mini review provides scientific and industrial facets finally to enable the successful implementation of gas fermentation technologies in the industrial scale.
Wenli Sun, M. H. Shahrajabian, Min-Qiu Lin
Fermentation · 2022
Fermentation has been used for ages as a safe technique for food preservation, and it uses minimal resources. Fermentation is related to a wide range of catabolic biochemical procedures in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Yeasts are eukaryotes; they can use oxygen while also having the ability to live without oxygen. The lactate fermentation process consists of glycolysis and some alternative steps. A review of the literature was done using keywords in main indexing systems, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, the search engine of the Institute for Scientific Web of Science and Google Scholar. The keywords reviewed were fermentation technologies, protein mass expression, health benefits of functional foods, microbial fermentation technology, anaerobic respiration, fermentation in eukaryotes, fermentation in prokaryotes, solid state fermentation and submerged fermentation. This research was carried out to highlight the importance of fermentation technology and to introduce and survey the technology and its relationship with functional foods. Research progress in the area of protein factory-microbial fermentation technology was also investigated and inspected.
B. Logan, B. Hamelers, R. Rozendal et al.
Environmental Science & Technology · 2006
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) research is a rapidly evolving field that lacks established terminology and methods for the analysis of system performance. This makes it difficult for researchers to compare devices on an equivalent basis. The construction and analysis of MFCs requires knowledge of different scientific and engineering fields, ranging from microbiology and electrochemistry to materials and environmental engineering. Describing MFC systems therefore involves an understanding of these different scientific and engineering principles. In this paper, we provide a review of the different materials and methods used to construct MFCs, techniques used to analyze system performance, and recommendations on what information to include in MFC studies and the most useful ways to present results.
J. T. Portwood
SPE Production Operations Symposium · 1995
Abstract This paper discusses a data-base of information collected from 322 projects, all treated with the same Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery process. An analysis of the data quantifies the effectiveness and economics of this particular process, and is a source of information useful for predicting treatment response in any given reservoir.
Patricia A. Maurice
Encyclopedia of Water · 2019
Abstract A biofilm is a microbial community held together by extracellular attachment features known as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in a distinct 3‐dimensional structure or “architecture.” In addition to the organic microbial and EPS components, biofilms generally also include abiotic components such as mineral particles or tooth or bone structures that serve as support and sometimes as sources of nutrients. Biofilms can occur in many environmental settings, from soils to streambeds to suspended particulates in estuaries. Biofilms are important not just in the environment but also in biomedicine; they can occur, for example, on the surfaces of hip and other joint replacements and in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. This article serves as an introduction to biofilms, which are covered in greater depth in a variety of other articles in the Encyclopedia , particularly within the realm of microbiology and water and wastewater technology.
D.M. Munnecke, W.P. Weaver
Technical Meeting / Petroleum Conference of The South Saskatchewan Section · 1999
Abstract Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria can be used to detect migrating hydrocarbon gases from oil and gas deposits. As short chain hydrocarbon gases migrate to the surface, bacterial cells metabolize these gases in the near surface aerobic zone. In the laboratory, EBT measures the response porn these hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and develops their recommendations based on a proprietary data analysis process. This process has been used to survey over 4.3 million acres in North America, South America, and Europe with over 3.7 million of these acres in Canada primarily in south eastern Saskatchewan. It has been shown that microbial surveys show a positive correlation between microbial highs and hydrocarbon deposits. This is especially apparent in the Elcott fll-2 Rl-3 W2), Bowdoin (Tl-2 R12-14 W3), and Flinton (TII R6-7 W2) areas where post survey drilling has conftrmed the microbial response. Exploratory wells drilled on microbial highs had a 63% success rate in the Elcott survey. The Flinton survey area had an 76% success rate. Overall, exploratory wells drilled on microbial highs have been completed 25 of 32 times, for a 78% success rate. Introduction Microbial Exploration Technology (MET) is based on two physical and biological principles. First, this technology assumes that oil and gas reservoirs will have a certain amount of hydrocarbon gas that migrates vertically to the surface. Secondly, these gaseous hydrocarbons serve as a nutrient source to soil microorganisms in the near surface aerobic zone. In the laboratory, these microbes are extracted from the soil, the response to short chain hydrocarbons is measured, and a series of contour and numerical maps is created based on the statistical analysis of the raw data. Statistical analysis of the soils includes an average MET value, relative average, percentile rank, and a Percent Probability of Success (%PS) rating. The %PS rating is a proprietary analysis that is based on the correlation of MET surveys with over 640 wells in the surveyed acreage. GUIDE TO MAP INTERPRETATION The survey results presented in this report are presented as %PS data. The %PS values fall into four categories. The red areas denote areas that have a 70% or greater chance of finding oil or gas, green a 55%-69% chance, yellow a 45% to 54% chance, and the white areas a 0–44% chance. Three classifications are used in ranking wells. The first classification is a Recommended drill site. Historically, wells recommended by EBT have been completed 77% of the time. The intent is to recommend well sites that have a high probability of success. These sites generally have a rating above 45% PS. EBT recognizes that non recommended sites will also be successfully completed. It is EBT's experience that MET non-recommended, exploratory well sites are completed 10% of the time. Wells ranked in the 40%-45% PS range are called Potential drill sites, which, if confirmed by other exploration data, would be recommended locations. Wells ranked below 40% PS are considered Low potential sites, where completion is expected less than 10% of the time.
Junhe Zhang
Advances in Engineering Technology Research · 2023
With the development of human industry, the mining and utilization of heavy metals has become more and more extensive, especially in the past 200 years. However, the excessive discharge of industrial and domestic sewage, overuse of pesticides and fertilizers in the production process, as well as electronic waste and medical waste in human life have led to many heavy metal ions entering the environment, exceeding the environmental capacity and entering organisms in large quantities, threatening the ecosystem and human health. Therefore, how to economically and efficiently deal with the heavy metal ion pollution generated in the process of production and life has become a hot issue. Currently, the main methods for treating heavy metal ions are chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, electrochemical treatment technology, etc. However, the traditional methods for heavy metal treatment are usually faced with the problems of high cost, high complexity and high energy consumption. In recent years, microbial immobilization technology has received wide attention for its advantages of improved microbial stability, high heavy metal ion removal rate, etc. The corresponding microorganisms are encapsulated and aggregated by immobilized carriers, which enhances the cellular bioburden capacity and environmental resistance and improves the microbial removal efficiency of heavy metals.
A. A. Abdul Manap, I.C.C Chai, A.H. Goodman
APOGCE 2024 · 2024
Abstract In an era of sustainability push, the oil and gas industry need to have a revisit of its overall strategy. In addition to profitability, sustainability is another main development driver to consider. Out of the seventeen United Nations Sustainable Development Guidelines (SDG), five are applicable to the industry (Capello et. al. 2020). They are: SDG #6: Clean Water and Sanitation SDG #7: Affordable and Clean Energy SDG #13: Climate Action on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions SDG #14: Life Below Water SDG #15: Life On Land Microbes are not a new focus area in the oil and gas industry, whether they contributed to favourable (microbial stimulation, EOR) and/or non-favourable (reservoir souring etc.) conditions. Microbial based technology is worth a re-evaluation since it can be considered one of the most environmental-friendly technologies available. This paper will focus on PETRONAS experience with microbial based technology studies. As we moved towards energy transition, PETRONAS is also looking into technologies which can support carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) implementation and hydrogen generation. From this perspective, methane generation (methanogenesis), and subsurface hydrogen generation (dark fermentation) is worthy of consideration. The paper highlights some of PETRONAS experience with focus on microbial EOR (at laboratory and pilot scale). Methanogenesis (at laboratory scale) and conceptual biohydrogen will also be briefly touched.
A. A. Pradhan, A. D. Levine
Water Science and Technology · 1992
Some microorganisms have the capacity to concentrate metal ions. Besides binding metal ions to cell walls, it is also possible that chemical complexation occurs between metal ions and extracellular enzymes. Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate metal uptake by cells and extracellular material. Dialysis studies demonstrated that extracellular material possesses a greater capacity of binding metals when binding is considered on the basis of chemical oxygen demand (COD).
Kyohei Baito, Satomi Imai, Makoto Matsushita et al.
Microbial Biotechnology · 2015
Summary In a deep aquifer associated with an accretionary prism, significant methane ( CH 4 ) is produced by a subterranean microbial community. Here, we developed bioreactors for producing CH 4 and hydrogen ( H 2 ) using anaerobic groundwater collected from the deep aquifer. To generate CH 4 , the anaerobic groundwater amended with organic substrates was incubated in the bioreactor. At first, H 2 was detected and accumulated in the gas phase of the bioreactor. After the H 2 decreased, rapid CH 4 production was observed. Phylogenetic analysis targeting 16 S rRNA genes revealed that the H 2 ‐producing fermentative bacterium and hydrogenotrophic methanogen were predominant in the reactor. The results suggested that syntrophic biodegradation of organic substrates by the H 2 ‐producing fermentative bacterium and the hydrogenotrophic methanogen contributed to the CH 4 production. For H 2 production, the anaerobic groundwater, amended with organic substrates and an inhibitor of methanogens (2‐bromoethanesulfonate), was incubated in a bioreactor. After incubation for 24 h, H 2 was detected from the gas phase of the bioreactor and accumulated. Bacterial 16 S rRNA gene analysis suggested the dominance of the H 2 ‐producing fermentative bacterium in the reactor. Our study demonstrated a simple and rapid CH 4 and H 2 production utilizing anaerobic groundwater containing an active subterranean microbial community.
L. A. Vasilevskaya
Modern medical technology · 2019
Objective. Changes in the monoculture of the pathogen in the microbial association of bacterial pathogens is accompanied, depending on their species composition, the progression of the inflammatory process with the development of destructive forms. The object was to install the value of microbial landscape in predicting the development of destructive forms of erysipelas.
 Material and methods. The diseases histories and cultures of wound secretions with the definition of sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics were analyses.
 Results. Of our studies indicate that the microflora of the primary cells in destructive forms of the erysipelas changed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Detected microbial pathogens in bacteriological studies of soft tissue exudates allowed installing criteria for forecasting the development of purulent complications.
 Conclusion. Bacteriological studies indicate that necrotizing skin lesions are preceded by the presence of S. Pyogenes in the exudates.
Ekaterini Moschopoulou
Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice · 2018
In this chapter, the use of microbial non-coagulant proteases, microbial lipases, and microbial transglutaminase in the cheese making procedure is discussed. Microbial proteases and lipases have been used for over 30 years to accelerate cheese ripening and consequently to enhance the cheese flavor development by increasing proteolysis and lipolysis level in a shorter time. They are commercially produced by bacteria and fungi species. Transglutaminase is a relative new enzyme, which catalyzes the cross-linking of peptide bonds and helps to improve the cheese texture and to increase the cheese yield. Today, cheeses from almost all cheese categories are produced using these enzymes.
Shabir U Rehman, Rubina Lawrence, Ebnezer J Kumar et al.
Journal of Biopesticides · 2011
ABSTRACT Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum were evaluated along with fungicide (carbendazim 50 WP) as a seed treatment and soil drench against damping-off disease in cauliflower caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Under in-vitro conditions the bio-control agents significantly inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia solani and under field conditions they caused significant reduction in damping-off incidence, increased the seed germination and improved plant growth vigor as compared to carbendazim and control. The findings of the present study concluded that seed treatment with Trichoderma harzanium and T. viride along with farm yard manure offered better performance against damping-off disease and seedling growth of cauliflower. Seed treatment and seedbed treatment with Trichoderma spp., with combination farm yard manure might be suggested to control soil-borne diseases and plant growth vigor.