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This paper proposes a decentralized peer-to-peer energy trading framework that integrates physical network constraints and transmission losses directly into the market-clearing process. By combining Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs) for feasibility checks with an Enhanced Least Squares Method (ELSM) for loss estimation, the system achieves accurate AC-like results without computationally expensive power flow calculations. Implemented on Hyperledger Fabric, the framework ensures privacy and auditability while improving upon simplified DC-based models.

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Abstract

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy-trading has emerged as a promising mechanism for decentralized electricity markets, but its practical deployment is often limited by the difficulty of accounting for physical network constraints and transmission losses in real time. This paper presents a decentralized P2P energy trading mechanism that incorporates network constraints and transmission losses directly into the market-clearing process. The framework combines Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs) for pre-trade feasibility validation with an Enhanced Least Squares Method (ELSM) for loss estimation, enabling loss-aware settlement without computationally intensive and redundant AC power flow calculations. The mechanism is implemented on Hyperledger Fabric using Attribute-Based Access Control, Access Control Lists and Private Data Collections to ensure privacy and auditability. Numerical studies on a 3-bus and the IEEE 39-bus system show that the proposed approach closely reproduces AC Optimal Power Flow dispatch and cost outcomes, while significantly improving simplified DC-based loss models. The results demonstrate that physically feasible and economically efficient decentralized trading can be achieved in a permissioned blockchain environment.

Key findings

  • The proposed approach closely reproduces AC Optimal Power Flow dispatch and cost outcomes compared to traditional methods.
  • Significant improvement is achieved over simplified DC-based loss models in terms of accuracy for decentralized trading.
  • The framework enables physically feasible and economically efficient trading by accounting for transmission losses without redundant calculations.

Keywords

Software deploymentMaximum power transfer theoremTransmission (telecommunications)ElectricityElectric power systemPower flow

Identifiers

DOI
10.3390/en19051114
Journal
Energies
Year
2026