MESSAI.iO
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Abstract

, respectively. The average per capita water consumption is around 550 l/d. The GCC countries have high water footprints. Although tertiary treated, the reuse of treated wastewater is limited and constrained to the development of forests and green areas. Water demand trends reveal the need for the implementation of sustainable water management programs. Emerging solutions include imposing a new tariff system, improving irrigation efficiency, controlling agricultural water consumption, developing innovative desalination and treatment technologies, maximizing treated wastewater utilization and rainwater harvesting, eliminating leakage in networks, and considering virtual water concepts in the water budget and planning.

Keywords

SustainabilityWater resourcesBusinessNatural resource economicsEnvironmental resource managementEnvironmental planningEnvironmental scienceEconomicsBiologyEcology

Identifiers

DOI
10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20543
Journal
Heliyon
Year
2023