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This in vitro study evaluated four placement techniques for a bulk-fill resin composite on standardized Class I cavities to assess marginal integrity, wear behavior, and application time. Results indicated that while bulk placement offered the shortest application time, it resulted in significantly higher microleakage compared to incremental methods.

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Abstract

The placement technique of resin composites may significantly influence marginal integrity, wear resistance, and operative efficiency. This in vitro study evaluated the influence of different placement techniques for a bulk-fill resin composite on marginal integrity, wear behavior, and application time. Standardized Class I cavities were prepared in extracted human molars and restored using the same bulk-fill composite (Filtek One Bulk Fill, 3M, USA) applied with four techniques: incremental placement, incremental placement with a modeling liquid (GC Modeling Liquid, GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan), bulk placement, and the stamp technique. Application time was recorded in seconds. All specimens underwent combined mechanical and thermal aging (SD Mechatronik, Germany). Marginal integrity was assessed three-dimensionally using micro-computed tomography, while surface wear was quantified through computer-based digital analysis with OraCheck software (Dentsply Sirona, Germany). Bulk placement exhibited significantly higher microleakage scores than the other techniques while demonstrating the shortest application time. Incremental placement, incremental placement with modeling liquid, and the stamp technique showed comparable microleakage results (p 0.05). Although the use of modeling liquid did not increase microleakage, it resulted in significantly greater wear. Placement technique significantly influences marginal integrity, wear behavior, and application time of bulk-fill composite restorations.

Key findings

  • Bulk placement exhibited significantly higher microleakage scores than incremental placement, incremental placement with modeling liquid, or the stamp technique.
  • Bulk placement demonstrated the shortest application time among all evaluated techniques.
  • Incremental placement and incremental placement with modeling liquid showed comparable performance in marginal integrity and wear resistance.

Keywords

Composite numberMolarComposite materialResin compositeResponse surface methodology

Identifiers

DOI
10.3390/jfb17030108
Journal
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
Year
2026