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This study examines how three deciduous tree species (small-leaved linden, common beech, and sessile oak) influence soil microbial diversity in temperate forests on loess soils. By analyzing fungal and bacterial communities via next-generation sequencing, the research links specific tree species to distinct variations in soil pH, nutrient content, and exchangeable cations.

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Abstract

Abstract This study investigates the influence of three deciduous tree species: small-leaved linden ( Tilia cordata ), common beech ( Fagus sylvatica ), and sessile oak ( Quercus petraea ) on soil microbial diversity in temperate forest ecosystems. Conducted on loess soils in southern Poland, the research clarifies species-specific effects on soil microbiota and chemical properties, providing insights into tree-microbe-soil interactions in forest environments. Soil samples were collected from monospecific stands and analysed using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Fungal and bacterial DNA was extracted, and libraries targeting the ITS1 (fungi) and 16 S rRNA V3–V4 (bacteria) regions were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Microbial communities were evaluated in relation to soil pH, nutrient content, and exchangeable cations. Linden soils had the highest pH (5.1–7.0) and calcium content (18.9 cmol⁺·kg⁻¹), while beech soils were the most acidic (pH 3.8–5.7) with the lowest calcium (8.0 cmol⁺·kg⁻¹). Fungal communities were dominated by Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota, with varying proportions across species. Bacterial diversity was highest in linden and oak stands. Dominant bacterial phyla included Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteriota. Each tree species hosted a distinct microbial community, reflecting its impact on soil properties and microbial structure. Tree species significantly shape soil microbial diversity and chemistry. Incorporating microbial data into forest management may enhance soil function, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem resilience. Broader spatial sampling is recommended to generalize findings.

Key findings

  • Small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata) supports soils with the highest pH levels (5.1–7.0) and calcium content (18.9 cmol⁺·kg⁻¹).
  • Common beech (Fagus sylvatica) creates the most acidic soil conditions (pH 3.8–5.7) with the lowest calcium concentration (8.0 cmol⁺·kg⁻¹).
  • Tree species identity is a primary determinant of soil microbial community composition, driving significant differences in fungal and bacterial diversity.

Keywords

BeechSoil waterTemperate deciduous forestTemperate forestBiodiversityTemperate climate

Identifiers

DOI
10.1038/s41598-026-41297-6
Journal
Scientific Reports
Year
2026