Recent advances in microbial electron transfer-driven bio-reductive immobilization of heavy metals: Mechanisms, enhancement strategies, and perspectives.
AI summary
75% confidenceThis MEC study investigates Conductive materials, EET enhancement, Electrochemical stimulation. The research focuses on system optimization and characterization.
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Abstract
The persistence of toxic heavy metals in aquatic and terrestrial environments poses long-term risks to ecosystems and human health. Microbial bio-reductive immobilization driven by Extracellular Electron Transfer (EET) has emerged as a promising and environmentally sustainable remediation strategy. This review synthesizes recent advances in EET-driven bio-reduction of major heavy metals and critically evaluates enhancement strategies designed to overcome intrinsic limitations in electron transfer efficiency. Particular attention is given to engineering-oriented approaches, including conductive minerals and materials, exogenous electron shuttles, electrochemical and photochemical stimulation. Key findings highlight that rational EET enhancement can markedly improve bio-reduction efficiency of heavy metals. Future perspectives are discussed with a focus on green materials, bio-electrochemical system integration, genetic and community-level regulation, and scale-up considerations. Remaining challenges include material sustainability, genetic biosafety concerns, scalability and operational robustness. Overall, this review distills design-oriented insights that bridge EET-driven mechanisms with enhancement strategies toward robust and scalable heavy metal immobilization.