Electrochemical Determination of Anticancer Drug Vandetanib on Glassy Carbon Electrode

Abstract

This study presents a novel, simple, and cost-effective electrochemical method for the sensitive determination of Vandetanib (VAN), a clinically important tyrosine kinase inhibitor, using an unmodified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical behavior of VAN was investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) over a wide pH range, an adsorption-controlled irreversible oxidation process involving equal numbers of protons and electrons, indicating a proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism. Optimization of experimental parameters, including pH, accumulation time, and accumulation potential, demonstrated that 0.5 M H2S04 (pH 0.3) and an accumulation time of 90 seconds provided optimal analytical performance. The DPV method exhibited excellent linearity between 2×10⁻⁸ M and 1.5×10⁻⁶ M VAN concentrations, with a low detection limit of 5.58×10⁻⁹ M. The proposed approach achieved high repeatability with relative standard deviations below 1.2%. Compared to previously reported methods involving complex electrode modifications, this work emphasizes the practicality of a bare GCE platform, eliminating the need for surface modification or surfactant addition. The method’s simplicity, sensitivity, and environmental friendliness make it a promising alternative for rapid VAN quantification.

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Identifiers

DOI

10.17776/csj.1790629

Journal

Cumhuriyet Science Journal

Year

2026