A critical and updated review on advanced oxidation processes for micropollutants in aquatic systems: Insights into metal-organic frameworks, mixed metal oxides, effluent toxicity, and cost.
AI summary
75% confidenceThis review provides an updated synthesis of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for removing micropollutants from aquatic systems, focusing on metal-organic frameworks, mixed metal oxides, and electrochemical processes. The study highlights the effectiveness of electrochemical processes, such as electro-Fenton and electro-persulfate, in mineralizing micropollutants. It also emphasizes the importance of considering effluent toxicity and economic feasibility in AOP development.
Generated by MESSAI extraction pipeline · review against source PDF
No 3D model is mapped to this paper yet. Parameter ranges above still place reported values on the literature distribution.
What they did
- System
- REVIEW
What worked
No outcome metrics extracted yet.
Abstract
Micropollutants (MPs), such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, endocrine disruptors, dyes, and industrial chemicals, persist through conventional wastewater treatment, necessitating advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that can generate high-valence radicals (OH, SO 4 - , Cl). This review provides an updated and critical synthesis of AOP developments from 2019 to 2025, with explicit emphasis on mechanistic insights, electrode/catalyst innovations, hybrid AOP synergies, effluent toxicity, and economic feasibility. A key novelty of this work lies in its integrated comparison of standalone versus hybrid AOPs, as well as its inclusion of emerging systems such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), mixed-metal oxides (MMOs), bio-electrochemical systems (BES), and microwave-assisted AOPs, all evaluated together for the first time. Electrochemical processes (electro-Fenton, electro-persulfate, and electro-oxidation) demonstrated superior mineralization efficiency and stability, supported by advanced electrodes such as boron-doped diamond (BDD), Ti/SnO 2 -RuO 2 , and CO 2 -modified biochar. Photochemical, sono-chemical, and hybrid processes achieved >90% MP removal, with hybrid systems consistently outperforming standalone methods due to multi-pathway radical generation. A structured toxicity analysis using EC 50 /LC 50 frameworks confirmed significant detoxification, though ozonation-based AOPs require careful by-product control. Economic comparison highlights the feasibility of solar-driven and modular AOPs, particularly for low- and middle-income regions. Critical research gaps are identified in scale-up, cost, by-product fate, and long-term catalyst durability, offering pathways for future sustainable AOP deployment.