Adhesion Reinforcement of Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in Flexible Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

Abstract

Abstract Wearable and deformable electronics are becoming increasingly essential components of modern healthcare and daily life. To power such devices, flexible electrochemical energy storage (FEES) plays a critical role. The practical performance of FEES is dominated by charge and mass transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface, similar to many rigid battery technologies. However, a unique challenge for FEES is the durability of this interface under deformation. Herein, we present the first comprehensive review of the interface physics, unveiling the crucial role of interface adhesion in the mechanical endurance of FEES. By bridging adhesion physics, material chemistry, and device mechanics, adhesion reinforcement strategies are comprehensively discussed and quantitatively compared, providing multi-scale mechanisms for optimizing FFES interface - from nanoscale bond engineering to microscale surface topology, mechanical interlocking, and macroscale device design. Further, inspired by the synergetic effect of adhesion mechanisms, we propose potential research directions for durable electrode-electrolyte interfaces under dynamic deformation. We also revisit the evaluation of flexibility and electrochemical performance, proposing an application-driven bending index for device assessment. These insights on electrode-electrolyte interface physics of FEES will facilitate the flourishing future of flexible devices.

Key findings

• ▸Adhesion reinforcement is crucial for the mechanical endurance of FEES.
• ▸Interface adhesion physics, material chemistry, and device mechanics are interconnected.
• ▸Adhesion mechanisms can be optimized at multiple scales, from nanoscale bond engineering to macroscale device design.

Keywords

Identifiers

DOI

10.1007/s40820-026-02084-0

Journal

Nano-Micro Letters

Year

2026