Delene Oosthuizen, Mathew Seymour, Lara Atkinson et al.

• 0

<title>Abstract</title> <p>Inventories of biodiversity are crucial for helping support conservation efforts, yet the deep sea, which is the largest biome on earth remains vastly understudied. Recent advances in molecular detection methods offer alternative techniques for studying inaccessible ecosystems, including those at depth. In this study we utilized environmental DNA metabarcoding, a first for studying deep-sea benthic environments in southern Africa, to assess the biological diversity and possible effect of trawling on these communities in the study area. Utilising sediment samples collected across a depth gradient and targeting a region of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, we recovered 444 OTUs across a wide array of species and genera, although many OTUs could only be assigned to higher taxonomic levels. Results showed that biodiversity differed significantly across depth, suggesting that even at relatively small spatial scales (~ 6 km) eDNA derived biodiversity detected variation linked to the depth gradient. No significant effects of trawling could be detected from eDNA analyses. Comparison of the OTU database with known species inventories from the sampled area revealed little overlap, highlighting the need for expanding barcoding efforts of deep-sea species to aid future eDNA survey efforts. Overall our results suggest that, with increased barcoding efforts, a combined approach of eDNA metabarcoding and physical sampling could capture a greater proportion of benthic deep-sea biodiversity. This provides provides additional opportunities to underpin conservation and management decision-making in the region, such as evaluating potential sites for future protection.</p>

C. Skajem

ADIPEC • 2023

<jats:p>Although international shipping is critical to global trade, maritime transport is a major source of air pollution, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Despite progress in recent years, the maritime sector still relies almost entirely on fossil fuels. At present, atmospheric emissions fossil fuel powered ships include sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2).</jats:p> <jats:p>According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations agency responsible for preventing air pollution by ships, maritime shipping is responsible for 18 to 30% of NOx, 9% of SOx, and 3.5-4 % of CO2 emissions worldwide. In addition, the maritime risk management and environmental assessment organization RightShip projects, that if no abatement action is taken, global CO2 emissions may increase 50 to 250% by 2050 because of shipping growth. In April 2018, the IMO adopted a non-binding agreement to reduce CO2 emissions. Suggested carbon reduction strategies include improving fuel quality and engine emission standards as well as using new technologies, such as fuel cells.</jats:p>

International Journal of Sustainable Water and Environmental Systems • 2016

<jats:p>Lignocellulose is considered as an abundant source of carbohydrates that can be used to produce renewable fuels and chemicals such as biomethane, which have economic and environmental advantages over fossil resources. However, conventional bioprocesses are based on the use of fresh water. Finding a new way to minimize the need for fresh water is economically important. This study focuses on the feasibility of bioenergy production from local mangroves plant using sea water biorefinery concept. Samples of Avicennia marina were collected from the coastal areas in Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates. Based on anaerobic fermentation, inoculum was added to batch system that had sea water and the sampled biomass of 1.09g. Gas chromatography analysis had showed an increment in the biomethane production over an incubation period of initially of forty eight days at 37 ̊C and the last and highest reading reached 52.8 mlCH4/gVS by day 48.</jats:p>

J. K. M. Appah, E. Dillane, A. Lim et al.

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>In the Porcupine Bank Canyon, <jats:italic>Lophelia pertusa</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Madrepora oculata</jats:italic> are the main framework-forming corals producing three dimensional structures which provide a home for a range of benthic fauna and microbial communities. To understand the roles and functions that microbes perform in coral health in the Porcupine Bank Canyon, three groups of samples (corals, sediment and water) were collected between 600–800 m depth. DNA was extracted from these samples and metabarcoding was performed on the V3-V4 region of the 16S RNA gene using Illumina technology. The coral microbiome showed greater microbial diversity than both the surrounding sediment and water communities. The genera <jats:italic>Pseudomonas</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pseudoalteramonas</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Photobacterium</jats:italic> were the bacterial communities conserved at 100% coverage of coral samples whereas at the order-level classification Clostridiales, Bacteroidales, Flavobacteriales, Rhodobacterales and Rickettsiales were in high abundance in all the coral samples. A disproportionate distribution of probiotic and pathogenic bacterial groups at the different levels of classification was observed on the corals. Corals do not appear, at present, to be stressed by climate induced changing environmental conditions in the upper Porcupine Bank Canyon. Overall, the corals in the Porcupine Bank Canyon are in a healthy state despite the detection of pathogenic bacterial groups. However, the current trend of climate change and subsequent deep-sea warming could shift the bacterial composition towards a more dominant pathogenic bacterial community, with serious implications for coral health and stability of this important ecosystem.</jats:p>

Harry Seijmonsbergen, Sanne Valentijn, Lisan Westerhof et al.

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<jats:p>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;There is a growing demand for mineral resources such as metals and rare earth elements, but global terrestrial resources are rapidly declining. Alternatively, the ocean floor provides unprecedented mining potential. However, their occurrences &amp;amp;#160;in relation to ocean floor geodiversity is largely unexplored. Therefore, it is unclear what the (irreversible) potential impact of future mining is on ocean floor geodiversity.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Here, we quantify the ocean floor geodiversity of the West-Pacific ocean floor and explore the distribution of three mineral resources: polymetallic sulfides, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts and polymetallic nodules. &amp;amp;#160;We developed a workflow for the calculation of a geodiversity index composed of openly available geomorphological, sediment thickness, bathymetric and derived ocean floor roughness input data in ArcGIS Pro.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Our results show a large variety in geodiversity on the West-Pacific ocean floor, ranging from very low and low geodiversity on large plateaus and in wide trenches and throughs, to high and very high geodiversity in heterogeneous, patchy environments on shelves, basins and abyssal plains. Regression analysis results indicate that polymetallic sulfides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts positively correlate to the geodiversity index, while polymetallic nodules indicate a negative correlation. &amp;amp;#160;Further analysis will focus on refining and expanding this method to a global extent by adding ocean floor age, a possible important factor, into the geodiversity assessment.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Our findings suggest that understanding of ocean floor geodiversity can contribute to promote sustainable mining and support conservation of the ocean floor.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</jats:p>

T. Freudenthal, G. Wefer

• 0

<jats:p>Abstract. Sampling of the upper 50 to 200 m of the sea floor to address questions relating to marine mineral resources and gas hydrates, for geotechnical research in areas of planned offshore installations, to study slope stability, and to investigate past climate fluctuations, to name just a few examples, is becoming increasingly important both in shallow waters and in the deep sea. As a rule, the use of drilling ships for this kind of drilling is inefficient because before the first core can be taken a drill string has to be assembled extending from the ship to the sea floor. Furthermore, movement of the ship due to wave motion disturbs the drilling process and often results in poor core quality, especially in the upper layers of the sea floor. For these reasons, the MeBo drilling rig, which is lowered to the sea floor and operated remotely from the ship to drill up to 80 m into the sea floor, was developed at the MARUM Research Center for Marine Environmental Sciences at Bremen University. The complete system, comprising the drill rig, winch, control station, and the launch and recovery system, is transported in six containers and can be deployed worldwide from German and international research ships. It was the first remote-controlled deep sea drill rig that uses a wireline coring technique. Based on the experiences with the MeBo a rig is now being built that will be able to drill to a depth of 200 m. </jats:p>

Elva Escobar-Briones, Ricardo Serrão Santos, Kelsey Archer Barnhill et al.

• 0

<jats:p>In October 2023, French President Emmanuel Macron requested an international scientific consultation to synthesize the ‘‘scientific evidence concerning the serious risks that the international community would take by allowing the exploitation of the deep sea.” In response, we created an international scientific committee of 17 members to compile expert advice and recommendations from deep-sea scientists and a large range of knowledge holders from around the globe. Scientific committee members were selected to represent diverse genders and geographical backgrounds, providing expertise in both natural and social sciences within the fields of deep-sea research, ocean governance, mineral resources, environmental economics, ecosystem management, and oceanography. Through a six-month consultation, the scientific committee created two outputs: (1) a brief position statement backed with signatures and (2) a longer expert question and answer document. Major themes of both outputs include the deep-sea environment, environmental impacts from deep sea mining (DSM), socio-economic aspects of DSM, potential legal issues, uncertainties, and looking to the future. Through compiling expert advice, insight, and recommendations, the findings in both outputs call for support towards a global deep-sea mining moratorium. Calls for a DSM moratorium or precautionary pause are gaining momentum internationally, led by the need for more time to conduct research to reduce uncertainties of impacts on the seafloor, the water column, and associated biodiversity. By engaging experts from across disciplines and geographies, we ensured the outputs were not only scientifically credible but also contextually relevant and globally resonant. It is through this international and transdisciplinary approach that the global deep-sea consultation was able to deliver inclusive and comprehensive insights to bridge the science-policy interface within the DSM debate. </jats:p>

Syafrizal Syafrizal

Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas • 0

<jats:p>Petroleum that is produced from several oil wells produces a fluid containing a mixture of petroleum, natural gas and produced water. The produced water usually contains hazardous chemicals such as hydrocarbons, sulfides, ammonia, phenols and other heavy metals. One of the high pollutants in the water produced is phenol. Through a biodegradation process, the contents of phenolic compounds in the produced water are expected to be reduced so that it meets the quality standards of waste water for oil and gas exploration and production activities. This research is development of the results of previous studies using a bioreactor with a larger scale, namely 3 L. The degradation process of phenolic compounds is carried out in optimal conditions, namely: pH 7, temperature 300C, and selected simple media: NP (5: 1) derived from urea and NPK + 0.1% yeast extract. The results of this study indicated that P. aeruginos and bacterial consortium may degrade phenolic compounds very well, which was 5.3 times faster than the previous studies. The biodegradation percentage was 98.40% in P. aeruginosa and 99.03% in bacterial consortium respectively. The monod kinetics model approach was successfully carried out and gave the value of parameters ?Max, Km, YS/X, and ?d respectively of 0.6305 hours-1, 0.0280 mg/L, 7 10-7 mg/L/ CFU/mL, and 0.00575 hours-1 in P. aeruginosa and 0.3272 hours-1, 0.0355 mg/L, 6.63 10-7 mg/L/CFU/ mL, and 0.00279 hours-1 in bacterial consortium. Based on the valuesof these parameters, P. aeruginosa has better affinity and growth.</jats:p>

Tianxueyu Zhang, Yingchun Han, Yongyi Peng et al.

• 0

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Deep-sea cold seeps host high microbial biomass and biodiversity that thrive on hydrocarbon and inorganic compound seepage, exhibiting diverse ecological functions and unique genetic resources. However, potential health risks from pathogenic or antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in these environments remain largely overlooked, especially during resource exploitation and laboratory research. Here, we analyzed 165 metagenomes and 33 metatranscriptomes from 16 global cold seep sites to investigate the diversity and distribution of virulence factors (VFs), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). A total of 2,353 VFs are retrieved in 689 MAGs, primarily associated with non-pathogenic functions like adherence. Additionally, cold seeps harbor nearly 100,000 ARGs, as important reservoirs, with high-risk ARGs presenting at low abundance. Compared to other environments, microorganisms in cold seeps exhibit substantial differences in VF and ARG counts, with potential horizontal gene transfer facilitating their spread. These virulome and resistome profiles provide valuable insights into the evolutionary and ecological implications of pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance in extreme deep-sea ecosystems. Collectively, these results indicate that cold seep sediments pose minimal public health risks, shedding lights on environmental safety in deep-sea resource exploitation and research.</jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Importance</jats:title><jats:p>Understanding pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance in environmental reservoirs like deep-sea cold seeps is critical for assessing public health risks, particularly with increasing human activities such as deep-sea mining. This study offers the first comprehensive analysis of virulome, resistome, and mobilome profiles in cold seep microbial communities. While cold seeps act as reservoirs for diverse ARGs, high-risk ARGs are rare, and most VFs contribute to non-pathogenic ecological functions. These results highlight the minimal threat to public health posed by cold seeps, providing a reference for monitoring the spread of pathogenicity and resistance in extreme ecosystems and informing environmental safety assessments during deep-sea resource exploitation.</jats:p></jats:sec>

G. Jakobs, G. Rehder, G. Jost et al.

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<jats:p>Abstract. Pelagic methane oxidation was investigated in dependence on differing environmental conditions within the redox zone of the Gotland Deep (GD) and Landsort Deep (LD), central Baltic Sea. The redox zone of both deeps, which indicates the transition between oxic and anoxic conditions, was characterized by a pronounced methane concentration gradient between the deep water (GD: 1233 nM, LD: 2935 nM) and the surface water (GD and LD &lt; 10 nM), together with a 13C CH4 enrichment (δ13C CH4 deep water: GD −84‰, LD −71‰ ; redox zone: GD −60‰, LD −20‰ ; δ13C CH4 vs. Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite standard), clearly indicating microbial methane consumption in that specific depth interval. Expression analysis of the methane monooxygenase identified one active type I methanotrophic bacterium in both redox zones. In contrast, the turnover of methane within the redox zones showed strong differences between the two basins (GD: max. 0.12 nM d–1 and LD: max. 0.61 nM d–1), with a four times higher turnover rate constant (k) in the LD (GD: 0.0022 d–1, LD: 0.0079 d–1). Vertical mixing rates for both deeps were calculated on the base of the methane concentration profile and the consumption of methane in the redox zone (GD: 2.5 × 10–6 m2 s–1 LD: 1.6 × 10–5 m2 s–1). Our study identified vertical transport of methane from the deep water body towards the redox zone as well as differing hydrographic conditions within the oxic/anoxic transition zone of these deeps as major factors that determine the pelagic methane oxidation. </jats:p>

C. Sanz-Lázaro, T. Valdemarsen, M. Holmer

• 0

<jats:p>Abstract. Increasing ocean temperature due to climate change is an important anthropogenic driver of ecological change in coastal systems, where sediments play a major role in nutrient cycling. Our ability to predict ecological consequences of climate change is enhanced by simulating real scenarios especially when the interactions among drivers may not be just additive. Based on predicted climate change scenarios, we tested the effect of temperature and organic pollution on nutrient release from coastal sediments to the water column in a mesocosm experiment. PO43− release rates from sediments followed the same trends as organic matter mineralization rates, and increased linearly with temperature and were significantly higher under organic pollution than under non-polluted conditions. NH4+ release only increased significantly when the temperature rise was above 6 °C, and was significantly higher in organic polluted compared to non-polluted sediments. Nutrient release to the water column was only a fraction from the mineralized organic matter, suggesting PO43− retention and NH4+ oxidation in the sediment. Bioturbation and bioirrigation appeared to be key processes responsible of this behaviour. Considering that the primary production of most marine basins is N-limited, the excess release of NH4+ at temperature rise &gt;6 ° could enhance water column primary productivity, which may lead to the deterioration of the environmental quality. Climate change effects are expected to be accelerated in areas affected by organic pollution. </jats:p>

Ian M. Rambo, Adam Marsh, Jennifer F. Biddle

• 0

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Marine sediments harbor a vast amount of Earth’s microbial biomass, yet little is understood regarding how cells subsist in this low-energy, presumably slow-growth environment. Cells in marine sediments may require additional methods for genetic regulation, such as epigenetic modification via DNA methylation. We investigated this potential phenomenon within a shallow estuary sediment core spanning 100 years of age across its depth. Here we provide evidence of dynamic community m5-cytosine methylation within estuarine sediment metagenomes using a methylation-sensitive Illumina assay. The methylation states of individual CpG sites were reconstructed and quantified across three depths within the sediment core. A total of 6254 CpG sites were aligned for direct comparison of methylation states between samples, with 4235 sites mapped to taxa and genes. Our results demonstrate the presence of differential methylation within environmental CpG sites across an age/depth gradient of sediment. We show that epigenetic modification can be detected within complex environmental communities. The change in methylation state of environmentally relevant genes across depths may indicate a dynamic role of DNA methylation in biogeochemical processes.</jats:p>

Ediar Usman

BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGY • 0

<jats:p>The analysis result of grains frequency curve and relation between grains size to cumulative have shown medium grains at  Gilimanuk (Core drilling-1) and coarse grains at Ketapang (Core drilling-2). In general both of them are showed by pattern uniformity, which is represented by the similar of curve pattern. On the grain size of -2 phi as medium gravel with percentage between 6.47 to 35.88%, while core drilling -2 on the size of -2 phi between 6.86 to 61.11%.The average grains size of core drilling -1 are gravel about 21.3%, sand 60.2%, silt 5% and clay about 0.4% while core drilling-2 are  characterized by  44.3%, sand 26.8%, silt 24.6% and clay about 0.6%. These result shows that at location of Core drilling -1 is dominated by sand where as at location of Core drilling -2 is dominated by gravel. These situation can be interpreted that the sediment at core drilling -2 location have influenced by strong marine current which can transport the large amount of gravel size compare to the location of Core drilling-1 which is dominated by sand. Based on  the relation shape of grains size curve versus cumulative frequency shows that the sediment of Core drilling-1is interpreted as a beach sand deposits and only one sample which shows as a river sand deposits which was found at depth 0 – 3 m depth. In general, the sample of Core drilling –2 shows that the pattern of sediment tend as a beach sand deposits and only one sample  which shows the combination between coastal deposits and river deposits ( 4 – 5 m depth). From this sample, the coarse to fine grains is deposited by coastal media and fine grains material (about 10%) is deposited by river media. The sample of river deposits is found as lamination  because the only one which is created from combination between coastal and river depos its from all sample of core drilling-2.Keywords: core drilling, grain sediments, media transport, environmental deposition Hasil analisis menggunakan kurva frekuensi butiran serta hubungan antara besar butir terhadap kumulatif menunjukkan dominasi ukuran butiran sedang di daerah Gilimanuk (Bor-1) dan kasar di daerah Ketapang (Bor-2). Pada kedua daerah tersebut, secara umum memperlihatkan pola keseragaman, yang ditunjukkan oleh pola kurva yang sama. Pada ukuran butir -2 phi (kerikil sedang) pada Bor-1 berjumlah antara  6,47 – 35,88%, sedangkan pada Bor-2 pada ukuran -2 phi berjumlah antara 6,86 – 61,11%.Kandungan rata-rata butiran pada Bor-1 adalah: kerikil 21,3%, pasir 60,2%, lanau 5% dan lempung 0,4%, sedangkan Bor-2 adalah: kerikil 44,3%, pasir 26,8%, lanau 24,6% dan lempung 0,6%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa pada Bor-1 didominasi oleh pasir dan pada Bor-2 didominasi oleh kerikil. Hasil ini dapat memberi gambaran bahwa pada Bor-2 berarus lebih kuat karena mampu menstranspor butiran kerikil dalam jumlah yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan Bor-1 yang didominasi oleh pasir. Berdasarkan beberapa kurva hubungan antara besar butir vs frekuensi komulatif pada Bor-1 menunjukkan endapan pantai (beach sand), hanya satu contoh menunjukkan endapan sungai (river sand), yaitu contoh B1 (0 – 3m). Pada Bor-2, secara umum menunjukkan pola yang lebih mendekati endapan pantai (beach sand), hanya satu contoh menunjukkan kombinasi endapan pantai dan endapan sungai (river sand), yaitu contoh B2 (4 – 5 m). Pada contoh ini, butiran berukuran kasar sampai halus diendapkan oleh media pantai dan ukuran halus dengan persentase sekitar 10% merupakan endapan sungai. Contoh endapan sungai adalah pada B2 (4 – 5 m) ini merupakan endapan sisipan karena satu-satu terbentuk dari kombinasi pantai dan sungai dari seluruh contoh pada Bor-2.Kata kunci:  pemboran inti, butiran sedimen, media transport, lingkungan pengendapan</jats:p>

R. Zhu, Y.-S. Lin, J. S. Lipp et al.

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<jats:p>Abstract. Amino sugars are quantitatively significant constituents of soil and marine sediment, but their sources and turnover in environmental samples remain poorly understood. The stable carbon isotopic composition of amino sugars can provide information on the lifestyles of their source organisms and can be monitored during incubations with labeled substrates to estimate the turnover rates of microbial populations. However, until now, such investigation has been carried out only with soil samples, partly because of the much lower abundance of amino sugars in marine environments. We therefore optimized a procedure for compound-specific isotopic analysis of amino sugars in marine sediment employing gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The whole procedure consisted of hydrolysis, neutralization, enrichment, and derivatization of amino sugars. Except for the derivatization step, the protocol introduced negligible isotopic fractionation, and the minimum requirement of amino sugar for isotopic analysis was 20 ng, i.e. equivalent to ~ 8 ng of amino sugar carbon. Our results obtained from δ13C analysis of amino sugars in selected marine sediment samples showed that muramic acid had isotopic imprints from indigenous bacterial activities, whereas glucosamine and galactosamine were mainly derived from organic detritus. The analysis of stable carbon isotopic compositions of amino sugars opens a promising window for the investigation of microbial metabolisms in marine sediments and the deep marine biosphere. </jats:p>

Stem Cell Research International • 0

<jats:p>The dazzling weapon was tested against volunteers firing assault weapons, sniper rifles, and machine guns at targets protected by Filin from two kilometers away. All of the participants experienced difficulties aiming, and 45% had complaints of dizziness, nausea, and disorientation. Twenty percent of volunteers experienced what Russian media has characterized as hallucinations. Participants described seeing floating balls of light. But there are concerns about cloud seeding’s long-term impacts. For example, it’s unclear how making it rain in one village affects a neighboring villages, cities, etc. It’s also up for debate who “owns” the water -- such as which state or company -- that comes out of the clouds. There are also environmental questions, such as ones related to the long-term impacts of silver iodide. Although some critics may have concerns about companies impacting the weather with the International Space Station (ISS) that they are “playing God.” One of the main cause of a Climatic Changes in our recent World are artificial interventions into Global and different Local Weather from the International Space Station regulated by Russia.</jats:p>

P. Voosen

Science • 2017

Last week, after 13 years of exploration, NASA9s Cassini spacecraft plunged into the upper reaches of Saturn9s atmosphere at 123,000 kilometers per hour and melted away. The spacecraft9s demise, necessitated by dwindling fuel and a need to protect two of Saturn9s 62 moons from potential microbial contamination from Earth, brought forth a global outpouring of sentiment. Although pathos ruled for a day, Cassini9s scientists are eager to get back to work. The spacecraft has already revolutionized understanding of gas giants and, with its discoveries of hydrogen-rich water plumes on Enceladus and methane lakes on Titan, the potential for life to exist beyond the classic "habitable zone." But its final 22 orbits could reveal insights into Saturn9s rings and murky interior.

ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft • 2019

Aluminum 7075 aircraft wing tanks failed in the 1950s. Investigation (visual inspection, biological analysis, and chemical analysis) supported the conclusion that MIC was the cause of the failures. Water condensed into the fuel tanks during flight led to microbial growth on the jet fuel. Pitting attack occurred under microbial deposits on the metal surface in the water phase or at the water-fuel interface. Previously, exposure of aluminum 7075 to cultures of various isolates showed that 27 bacterial isolates and 3 fungi could seriously corrode the aluminum alloy over several weeks. No recommendations were made.

Sara Almaeeni, Sebastian Els, Hamad Almarzooqi

• 0

<jats:p>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The United Arab Emirates has announced its first space mission to the moon by 2024. The Emirates Lunar Mission (ELM) consists of a micro rover, named Rashid, has a main objective of traversing the mid-latitude landing site and obtaining high resolution images of the lunar surface. Such an objective necessitates careful designs of the architecture and the different systems involved to ensure smooth integration and proper operation.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The rover weigh around 10Kg and has 4 wheels that are designed to climb slopes of 20 degrees and rocks of maximum height of 10cm. Also, it is equipped with 2 wide field cameras that will be used for navigation and to increase the environmental awareness while the operator drives the rover remotely. Moreover, the rover is powered by the solar panels which are mounted in a certain angle to maximize the collecting of the solar energy. After the collection and battery charging, various regulated voltages are distributed to all subsystems. &amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The Rashid rover is designed with two communications channels. The primary communications channel is the main channel used during the mission and allows for high speed bandwidth and low power consumption (on the rover). The secondary communications channel uses more power and is slower, but is not dependent on the lander and is therefore used as a backup as well as the lunar night recovery phase.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Despite being a small rover and its prime goal being a technology demonstrator, Rashid&amp;amp;#8217;s scientific instrument suite is substantial. The science instruments will provide data of the lunar surface environment allowing to investigate a vast variety of topics like geology of the Moon, lunar surface alteration mechanisms, Interaction of the soil with the solar wind and material suitability for future lunar missions. In this paper, the ELM mission, the rover subsystems as well as the science instruments are described in details.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</jats:p>

Florian Carlo Fischer, Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Jacob Heinz

• 0

<jats:p>The Martian surface and shallow subsurface lack stable liquid water, but hygroscopic salts in the regolith, including perchlorates and chlorates, can enable the transient formation of liquid brines. Hygroscopic salts such as perchlorates have been detected on Mars1, and the presence of chlorate salts is highly likely, as indicated by the detection of chlorate in the Martian meteorite EETA790012. Chlorate salts may be even more widespread on Mars, as recent experimental research suggests that under the hyperarid climate and the abundance of iron (hydro)oxide on Mars, chloride oxidation should yield significantly more chlorate than perchlorate3. Additionally, aqueous solutions on Mars may be more likely to be formed by chlorates than perchlorates, highlighting their importance for the habitability of Mars4. Perchlorate and chlorate salts can form liquid brines through a process called deliquescence, where the hygroscopic salt attracts water from the atmosphere to dissolve itself, or through the contact of these salts with water ice. In the shallow subsurface, a thin regolith layer can prevent water ice sublimation, allowing such liquid brines to persist for extended periods. Additionally, regolith layers can shield hypothetical microbes from harmful UV radiation, making the shallow subsurface a promising potential habitat for putative microbial life on Mars.In this study, we investigated how the combined effects of (per)chlorate salts, UV irradiation, water scarcity, and regolith depth impact microbial survival under simulated Mars-like conditions. While previous studies have examined the effects of perchlorate-containing regolith and UV shielding on microorganisms, none have tested the impact of chlorate salts and regolith depths of multiple centimeters. Our Mars simulation experiments, conducted in the Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH), described in detail by Jensen et al.5, uniquely allows for the simultaneous testing of increased salt stress due to water freezing at subzero temperatures and sublimation-induced desiccation at various sample depths. This is enabled by large sample tubes that accommodate regolith depths of up to 15 cm.We exposed vegetative cells of Debaryomyces hansenii and Planococcus halocryophilus, and spores of Aspergillus niger, to simulated Martian environmental conditions (constant temperatures of about -11&amp;#176;C, low pressure of approximately 6 mbar, a CO2 atmosphere, and 2 hours of daily UV irradiation). Colony Forming Units (CFU) and water content were evaluated at three regolith depths (0-0.5 cm, 1-3 cm, 10-12 cm) before and after 3- and 7-day exposure periods. Each organism was tested under three conditions, where Mars regolith simulant was inoculated with cell suspensions of the three model organisms containing either: 1) 0.5 mol/kg NaClO3, 2) 0.5 mol/kg NaClO4, or 3) no additional salt. These conditions will, in the following sections, be referred to as NaClO3, NaClO4, and salt-free samples, respectively. In addition to the samples exposed to simulated Mars-like conditions, control samples of each organism, prepared in the same way as the exposure samples, were incubated for the same periods at -15&amp;#176;C in a freezer under normal Earth atmospheric conditions.Our results showed that residual water content increased with depth in all three exposure experiments and for all three tested conditions. Remarkably, as illustrated in Figure 1, the survival rates of the organisms also increased with regolith depth in the NaClO3&amp;#160; and salt-free samples. However, survival rates in the NaClO4 samples were consistently lower across all depths, with the most significant difference observed at 10-12 cm, the depth with the highest residual water content. The proposed reason for this is the emergence of higher salt concentrations in the NaClO3 and NaClO4 samples due to the freezing of water retained in the regolith. This likely resembles realistic changes in brine concentrations in the Martian shallow subsurface. The higher survival rates in chlorate samples indicate that, for these organisms, perchlorate brines are more toxic than chlorate brines under the experimental conditions.Interestingly, in the NaClO4 samples, survival was higher at shallower depths. This can be linked to the shorter brine stability window at lower depths. Faster desiccation at lower depths prevents brines from persisting for long durations, minimizing the time salt stress is exerted on the organisms.These findings, combined with the potential widespread occurrence of chlorate salts on Mars and their higher likelihood of forming liquid brines, highlight the need for further research on this oxychlorine species. Environments enriched with chlorate salts could be more habitable and should be considered in the search for microbial life on Mars, as most research has focused on the more toxic perchlorate salt.&amp;#160;Figure 1: The median of the survival rates of D. hansenii, P. halocryophilus, A. niger (n=2, SE), and the mean survival rate (dashed line) of the three organisms after (a) a 3-day and (b) a 7-day exposure in the MESCH. The survival rates are displayed for three sample depths, as well as for the control incubated at -15&amp;#176;C in the freezer, in three tested conditions: NaClO3, NaClO4, and salt-free.&amp;#160;References:1. Hecht, M. H. et al. Detection of Perchlorate and the Soluble Chemistry of Martian Soil at the Phoenix Lander Site. Science (80-. ). 325, 64&amp;#8211;67 (2009).2. Kounaves, S. P., Carrier, B. L., O&amp;#8217;Neil, G. D., Stroble, S. T. &amp;amp; Claire, M. W. Evidence of martian perchlorate, chlorate, and nitrate in Mars meteorite EETA79001: Implications for oxidants and organics. Icarus 229, 206&amp;#8211;213 (2014).3. Qu, S.-Y. et al. Preferential Formation of Chlorate over Perchlorate on Mars Controlled by Iron Mineralogy. Nat. Astron. 6, 436&amp;#8211;441 (2022).4. Toner, J. D. &amp;amp; Catling, D. C. Chlorate brines on Mars: Implications for the occurrence of liquid water and deliquescence. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 497, 161&amp;#8211;168 (2018).5. Jensen, L. L. et al. A Facility for Long-Term Mars Simulation Experiments: The Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH). Astrobiology 8, 537&amp;#8211;548 (2008).</jats:p>

Jimil Mehta, M. T. Shah

2023 IEEE 11th Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC) • 2023

Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are sophisticated and advanced systems that utilize exoelectrogenic microbes to generate bioenergy. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in comprehending, establishing connections, modeling, and predicting both microbial diversity and process parameters, ultimately enhancing the performance of BESs. This approach utilizes cutting-edge computational algorithms that are tailored to the specific architecture of BESs, saving time and improving efficiency compared to outdated manual methods. To achieve optimal outcomes, this study aims to examine and compare existing research endeavors while emphasizing the implementation of AI concepts in the field of bioelectrochemical systems. The AI techniques implemented to predict and optimize the behavior of BES are Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Fuzzy Logic (FL), Multi Gene Genetic Programming (MGGP), and Support Vector Regression (SVR).

Jenny Palm, Anna-Riikka Kojonsaari

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<title>Abstract</title> <p>BackgroundNew decentralized energy-generation technologies have turned economies of scale upside down while becoming more economically viable. The increased penetration of information technologies has led to new opportunities to manage infrastructure in a less hierarchical, more flexible way. Together with citizen demands for control over energy, this has put energy communities (ECs) on the agenda, potentially advancing the transition towards more sustainable energy systems, despite hindrances encountered on the way.This paper presents a case from Sweden, using participatory observations and interviews conducted during the planning of a sustainable city district built around sharing. We examined the discussions between stakeholders concerning smart energy systems and the establishment of a microgrid.ResultsWe found that the discussions of the microgrid comprised two parallel discourses, coexisting but seldomly explicitly confronted. The distribution system operator in the area promoted its solutions, while the property developers opted for a microgrid organized more as an EC. We discuss why the EC proponents apparently lost the battle in this smart grid case.ConclusionsThis paper described the energy planning process in a case study in Sweden, where two different models for building an electric microgrid can be identified: distributed energy systems and energy community perspectives. We suggest that these perspectives have different values. We conclude that interest in microgrids could shift the transition pathway towards a more decentralized system involving a variety of owners.</p>

Augusto Montisci, Marco Caredda

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<jats:p>The electrification of rural areas of the planet has become one of the greatest challenges for sustainability. In fact, it would be the key to guaranteeing development for the poorest of the planet, but from which most of the raw material for the food market derives. The paradigm of centralized production is not applicable in these territories, because the distribution network would involve unjustifiable costs. For this reason, studies have multiplied to ensure the energy supply, especially electricity, of off-grid utilities, to guarantee energy autonomy while reducing the dependence on specialist assistance for the management of the system. In this work, a hybrid system (HRES) is proposed that combines the exploitation of solar energy with that of the wind through the use of static devices, in order to improve the system's availability and limit the cost of operation and maintenance.</jats:p>

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The full text of this preprint has been withdrawn by the authors due to author disagreement with the posting of the preprint. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as a reference. Questions should be directed to the corresponding author.</jats:p>

N. S. Sariçiftçi

AsiaChem Magazine • 2020

We want to bring the idea of conversion of CO2 into synthetic fuels (CO2 recycling) into attention, as a possible approach for transportable storage of renewable energy. Recycling of CO2 by homogeneous and/or heterogeneous catalytic approaches have been investigated with increasing emphasis within the scientific community. In the last decades, especially using organic and bioorganic systems towards CO2 reduction has attracted great interest. Chemical, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and bioelectrochemical approaches are discussed vividly as new routes towards the conversion of CO2 into synthetic fuels and/or useful chemicals in the recent literature. Here we want to especially emphasize the new developments in bio-electrocatalysis with some recent examples.

Yusuf Ercan ÖZERCAN

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<p>This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the Spanish grid codes and connectionprocedures, specifically focusing on Royal Decree 1183/2020 and Royal Decree 647/2020. Itexamines how these regulations facilitate the integration of energy storage systems and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology into the Spanish electricity grid, crucial for achieving the nation'sambitious renewable energy targets. The article details the administrative streamlining for gridaccess introduced by RD 1183/2020, which treats energy storage facilities akin to generationassets, and elaborates on the technical requirements for Power-Generating Modules (PGMs)outlined in RD 647/2020, transposing European network codes. It discusses the current state ofenergy storage deployment, highlighting challenges in Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)adoption despite strategic targets, and explores the potential, regulatory hurdles, and ongoingpilot projects for V2G integration. The conclusion emphasizes the need for continued regulatoryrefinement, market adaptation, and technological maturation to fully unlock the flexibility andresilience offered by these technologies in Spain's decarbonized energy future.</p>

Wei Yang, Shaowei Chen

Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry Research • 2020

Natural biomass presents intriguing features, such as high abundance, rich heteroatom contents, and low costs, making them promising candidates for the preparation of heteroatom-doped carbons that ...

Seeta Ram Meena, Guman Singh Meena

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<title>Abstract</title> <p>Northwestern India is mainly agrarian produced around 384.25MT/year crop residue out of that 116 MT/year burnt in the field and released lot of pollutants such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, NO_x, NMVOC, PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and other which contribute to climate change. In present paper, Introduction of energy and bioenergy in India, estimation of crop residue and bioenergy potential for each state of North-West India is discussed. India generates around 620.27 MT/year crop residues. Northwestern India alone produced 384.25 Mt/year or 62% of India crop residues. Bio-energy potential for northwestern India is 6657.29 PJ per year. States having higher bio-energy potentials are (1) Uttar Pradesh (2020.45 PJ per year), (2) Maharashtra (962.74 PJ per year), (3) Punjab (935.54 PJ per year), (4) Gujarat (598.4 PJ per year) (5) Haryana (610.94 PJ per year), (6) Rajasthan (578.59 PJ per year).The total power demand of India in 2018 was 1212 Twh and bio-fuel potential of northwestern India is 832.16 Twh, which can be satisfy around 68.66 percentage power demand of India annually.</p>

Aqsa Rana, Gyula Gróf

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<title>Abstract</title> <p><bold>Background: </bold>Significant innovations in technology and progressing use of renewable energy sources (RES) reinforce the demand for the sustainable, continuous and abundant supply of energy to every consumer. Blockchain, as an emerging technology promises to provide temper proof, secure, transparent and decentralized energy trading mechanisms that help to provide sustainable environmental solutions by circulating economy to empower both consumers and prosumers. The rapid development of blockchain technology has gained interest from energy start-ups, innovation developers, finance suppliers, academic institutions and government. <bold>Results:</bold> This study outlines potential significance, benefits and application of blockchain technology and analyses how Pakistan can integrate blockchain technology into its distribution system to cope with current challenges. Although the substantial renewable potential of Pakistan is an opportunity to implement blockchain technology but financial management, innovative technology development and acceptance of decentralized technology are the biggest obstacles. After a detailed discussion of Pakistan's current financial position, digital market structure, energy policy and technology situation for the implication of blockchain technology, Photographic Geographical Information System (PVGIS-5) data base tool is used to estimate solar power generation capacity from prosumer community in potential areas of country like Baluchistan. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> This study recommended feasible site for solar power generation according to PVGIS tool. Then introduces a street scenario about domestic power generation and blockchain based distribution into Pakistan's energy sector like Brooklyn energy system by regulating laws, revising energy polices and suitable development subsidies.</p>

Thaís Almeida, Aluisio Pantaleão

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<title>Abstract</title> <p>Sustainable waste management has advanced from pollution control to resource recovery. This study explores the integration of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with microalgae biotechnology for simultaneous wastewater bioremediation, bioelectricity generation, and biomass production. Microalgae enhance the system by photosynthesizing CO₂, supplying oxygen for cathodic reactions, and producing valuable biomass. In Brazil, a major beef producer, livestock waste poses serious environmental risks. This work evaluated the performance of microalgae in wastewater from confined beef cattle production using four concentrations (5%, 20%, 35%, and 50%) in a 1×4 factorial design with triplicates. Bioremediation, energy generation, and biomass characteristics were assessed using SEM and EDX. The 20% concentration delivered optimal results: 50% phosphorus, 30% nitrogen, and 7% potassium reduction; 2.142 μW maximum power; 0.51 μA current; and 4.2 mV voltage. SEM revealed biofilm formation on the anode, while EDX confirmed phosphorus (4.26%) and magnesium (4.03%) bioaccumulation. The integrated system efficiently treats wastewater while generating clean energy and high-value biomass, such as biofuels and animal feed. This approach supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and underscores Brazil’s potential to lead in sustainable agribusiness technologies.</p>

Harshit Mittal

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<jats:p>In the instantaneous global industrialisation, there has been an increase in the generalised waste, one of the major pollutants of wastewater. There should be advancements in the existing wastewater treatment technologies to cater for the current water demands. Wastewater treatment requires the oxidation and reduction of organic and drug molecules. Conventional wastewater technologies are expensive for such degradation, and the treatment efficiency is inadequate per the current demands. Hence microbial fuel cells, which are affordable, multi-applicability systems, should be considered for wastewater treatment technologies. This study analyses various country- and industry-wise wastewater production to demonstrate microbial fuel cell treatment technology requirements. According to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), this review also thoroughly discusses the Life Cycle Assessment of various types of Microbial Fuel Cells in order to observe which microbial fuel cells could be applied for different levels of wastewater accumulated geologically as well as industrially. For a thorough treatment of wastewater through MFCs, the review also economically analysed the microbial fuel cells both component-wise and unit-wise, especially towards scale-up. A comprehensive socioeconomic and technological perspective has also been portrayed in order to showcase the need to transition from conventional wastewater treatment technologies towards microbial fuel cells. </jats:p>

Roger Randriamampianina,

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<jats:p>Our presentation aims to describe the development and operationalisation of the Destination Earth (DestinE) Extremes Digital Twin (DT), including the On-Demand component, a system designed to improve the prediction and management of extreme weather events in Europe. The system leverages high-resolution weather models using information from Extreme Detection (EDF) and Triggering (DTF) Frameworks, as well as ECMWF ensemble, incorporating impact-specific models for hydrology, air quality, renewable energy, and more. A key component is a configuration lookup table prioritising end-user needs and available resources. The system incorporates various masking techniques (ACCORD models configurations, geographical, capacity, event type) to refine forecasts. The presentation describes the system's architecture, data sources, and workflow, emphasising the integration of multiple models and data sources, and the use of cutting-edge technologies such as GPUs and machine learning for enhanced forecasting and efficient resource utilisation. Pilot regions are used for testing and operationalisation, with a phased approach planned for broader deployment. The project addresses challenges in forecasting accuracy, communication of uncertainty, and the integration of forecasts into decision-making processes across various sectors.</jats:p>

Peiying Hong

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<jats:p>Wastewater contains a wide suite of microbial and chemical contaminants. However, not all microorganisms in wastewater are bad. They can be a source of inoculum which we can then tap into to assemble microbial barriers within biotechnologies. These microbial barriers can aid in efficient wastewater treatment. In this seminar, we discuss the role of microbial barriers in removing antibiotic resistance genes and organic micropollutants from wastewater. With the help of microbial barriers in bioreactors, wastewater can be converted into high-quality reclaimed water to meet the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG6) of providing clean water and sanitation for all and to allow sustainable cities and communities to develop (SDG11). The reclaimed water can also be used for food (SDG2) and energy production (SDG7). </jats:p>

GM I. Islam

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<jats:p>This study examined the impact of the antibiotic tetracycline at environmentally relevant concentrations (1μg/L and 10μg/L) on the composition and function of the microbial community that are responsible for the secondary treatment step in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP). Specifically, this study examined whether nitrification is inhibited by the presence of tetracycline under high and low nutrient replacement conditions. Aerated semi-batch reactors were set up containing activated sludge samples from a MWTP. Reactors were replenished with a synthetic wastewater media at two constant replacement rates for a period of 4 weeks. Parameters such as ammonia, nitrate/nitrite and total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations were monitored to evaluate the nitrogen removal efficiency. Under a low nutrient replacement rate, tetracycline was observed to have a positive impact on ammonia removal and nitrification than at the higher one. However, total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations increased in low nutrient replacement reactors under the presence of tetracycline which suggested a potential inhibitory effect on denitrification. At high nutrient replacement rates, tetracycline did not demonstrate an inhibitory effect on both nitrification and denitrification processes. Overall, it appears that both antibiotic presence and nutrient replacement rates can influence the community composition and function of microbial communities found in a MWTP.</jats:p>

Balaji B. Prasath, Karen Poon

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<jats:p>Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) representing a promising technology for the extract of energy and resources through wastewater and it also offer an economic solution to the problem of environment effluent and energy crisis in near future. The advance device is rather appealing, due its potential benefits, its practical application is, however hindered by several drawbacks, such an internally competing microbial reaction, and low power generation. This report is an endeavor to address various design connected to the MFCs application to wastewater treatment, in particular cost effective bioelectricity from waste water are reviewed and discussed with a multidisciplinary approach. The conclusions drawn herein can be of practical interest to all new researchers dealing with effluent wastewater treatment using MFCs.</jats:p>

Ciro Bustillo Lecompte

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<jats:p>Environmental protection initiatives and increasing market demand for green practices are driving the meat processing industry to consider sustainable methods for wastewater treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater. On- site treatment is the preferred option to treat the slaughterhouse effluents for water reuse and potential energy recovery due to the conversion of organics into biogas. A thorough review of advancements in slaughterhouse wastewater characteristics, treatment, and management in the meat processing industry, environmental impacts, health effects, and regulatory frameworks relevant to the slaughterhouse wastewater management is presented in this study. Significant progress in high-rate anaerobic treatment, nutrient removal, advanced oxidation processes, and combined processes for an actual slaughterhouse wastewater treatment are highlighted. The optimization of individual and combined processes was performed in this study using quadratic modeling, degradation mechanisms, and response surface methodology to maximize CH4 yield and the removal of TOC and TN while minimizing TSS and H2O2 residuals. The effects of the flow rate, pH, influent TOC concentration, H2O2 dosage, and their interaction on the overall treatment efficiency and CH4 yield were studied. In the final part of this study, an optimized combined anaerobic–aerobic and UV/H2O2 system with recycle was evaluated using a cost- effectiveness analysis by minimizing treatment time, electrical energy consumption, and the overall incurred treatment costs. The agreement between model predictions and experimental values indicated that the proposed models could describe the performance of individual and combined systems for actual SWW treatment. The maximum TOC and TN removals of 91.29 and 86.05%, CH4 yield of 55.72%, and minimum H2O2 residual of 1.45% were found at optimum conditions of influent TOC concentration of 626 mg/L, feed flow rate of 45 mL/min, H2O2 dosage of 350 mg/L, and pH of 6.59. The minimum total retention time was determined to be 10 h with individual residence times of 6.82 h, 2.40 h, and 47 min in the ABR, AS bioreactor, and UV/H2O2 photoreactor, respectively. A minimum electrical power consumption of 0.0194 kWh for an overall treatment cost of 0.12 $/m3 were obtained based on the cost-effectiveness analysis. Results show that the application of combined biological and advanced oxidation processes is useful for on-site slaughterhouse wastewater treatment. Keywords: Slaughterhouse wastewater, anaerobic digestion, activated sludge, advanced oxidation processes, process optimization, cost-effectiveness analysis.</jats:p>

Cody S. Madsen, Michaela A. TerAvest

• 0

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Shewanella oneidensis</jats:italic>MR-1 is quickly becoming a synthetic biology workhorse for bioelectrochemical technologies due to a high level of understanding of its interaction with electrodes. Transmembrane electron transfer via the Mtr pathway has been well characterized, however, the role of NADH dehydrogenases in feeding electrons to Mtr has been only minimally studied in<jats:italic>S. oneidensis</jats:italic>MR-1. Four NADH dehydrogenases are encoded in the genome, suggesting significant metabolic flexibility in oxidizing NADH under a variety of conditions. Strains containing in-frame deletions of each of these dehydrogenases were grown in anodic bioelectrochemical systems with N-acetylglucosamine or D,L-lactate as the carbon source to determine impact on extracellular electron transfer. A strain lacking the two dehydrogenases essential for aerobic growth exhibited a severe growth defect with an anode (+0.4 V<jats:sub>SHE</jats:sub>) or Fe(III)-NTA as the terminal electron acceptor. Our study reveals that the same NADH dehydrogenase complexes are utilized under oxic conditions or with a high potential anode. Understanding the role of NADH in extracellular electron transfer may help improve biosensors and give insight into other applications for bioelectrochemical systems.</jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>TOC Graphic</jats:title><jats:fig id="ufig1" position="float" fig-type="figure" orientation="portrait"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="657668v1_ufig1" position="float" orientation="portrait"/></jats:fig></jats:sec>

N Fazli, N S A Mutamim, S A Rahim

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering • 2020

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The study aims to treat spent caustic wastewater by using a bioelectrochemical cell (BeCC) integrated with Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) as the bacterial attachment medium. BeCC is a bioelectrochemical reactor which employs microorganisms for substrates degradation and has the capacity to produce energy simultaneously. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is also known as the bioreactor that could treat wastewater while producing energy. However, the BeCC reactor in the present study is more cost effective than an MFC reactor, since the BeCC was operated without the employment of a proton exchange membrane (PEM). The reactor was operated in a hybrid of anoxic and aerobic conditions whereby a baffle is used as the separator to minimize the oxygen transfer from the cathodic to the anodic side of the reactor. For enhancement of the BeCC performance, 10 g of suspended GAC was added into the BeCC reactor. The use of the suspended GAC is to allow higher surface area available for bacteria attachment. The study determined the best operating solid retention time (SRT) and organic loading rate (OLR) of BeCC in treating spent caustic wastewater and its performance throughout 30 days of operation was evaluated based on its Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal and open circuit voltage (OCV). For SRT study, BeCC was tested at various SRT of range within 10 to 30 days whereas for OLR study, BeCC was tested at various OLR of range within 700 to 900 mg COD/L.d. From the study, the highest COD removal were 94.17% and 92.7% achieved at SRT of 30 days and OLR of 700 mg COD/L.d respectively. Whereas for energy recovery, the highest OCV were 336.4 mV and 362 mV achieved at SRT of 20 days and OLR of 800 mg COD/L.d respectively. Biochemical bacteria identification test was also carried out to identify the bacteria morphology attached on GAC in the BeCC at SRT of 20 days with 700 mg COD/L.d of OLR and it is found that <jats:italic>Klebsiella Oxytoca</jats:italic> was the dominant bacteria attached on the GAC.</jats:p>

N Fazli, N S A Mutamim, S A Ibrahim

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering • 2020

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The study present the feasibility of a bioelectrochemical cell (BeCC) integrated with Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) as the bacterial attachment medium in treating spent caustic wastewater. BeCC is a bioelectrochemical reactor that uses activated sludge for substrate degradation while also capable in energy recovery. Unlike the general MFC configuration, the BeCC reactor is cost effective as it was operated without a proton exchange membrane (PEM). Instead, a baffle is used to reduce the oxygen transfer to the other side of the reactor and the employment of the baffle has divide the reactor into hybrid of anoxic and aerobic conditions. Also, instead of using packed GAC, the BeCC was integrated with 10 g of suspended GAC in order to increase the surface area available for bacteria to attach. The study investigated the best operating MLSS for the system to treat spent caustic wastewater whereby the BeCC was tested at various MLSS of range within 2500 mg/L to 4000 mg/L and its performance in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and sulfide removal as well as it open circuit voltage (OCV) were evaluated throughout 30 days of operation. From the study, the highest COD removal of the system was 95.6% achieved at MLSS of 3500 mg/L whereas the highest sulfide removal was 87.1% achieved at MLSS of 3000 mg/L. The highest OCV was 413.7 mV achieved at MLSS of 3000 mg/L.</jats:p>

Marcelinus Christwardana, Athanasia Amanda Septevani, Dilla Dayanti

Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering • 0

<jats:p>An important part of a photo-bioelectrochemical cell (PBEC) is the photo-biocatalyst substrate taken as anode. This study aims to explain the effect of CNT/TiO2/chlorophyll photocatalyst coated on the cellulose nanopaper (CNP) substrate on the PBEC performance and to compare the results with those obtained for the commercial indium tin oxide (ITO) glass and flexible ITO as substrates. The results showed high sheet resistance of CNP, which is 61182 Ω sq-1, which is reduced by 80 % in the presence of CNT/TiO2/Chl biocatalyst. The highest output voltage of 0.95 to 1 V was produced by coating CNT/TiO2/Chl on the flexible ITO. The maximum current density (Jmax) of 3726 mA m-2 and the highest maximum power density value of around 574 mW m-2 were obtained for illuminated CNT/TiO2/Chl on the rigid ITO anode. In dark conditions, the highest power density was observed for CNP as the supporting substrate. The photo-bioelectrochemical cell adopting CNT/TiO2/Chl and CNP as the supporting substrate material has great potential for a variety of applications, such as wearable electronics, environmental monitoring, remote or off-grid energy supply, and renewable energy systems, thereby contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy technologies.  </jats:p>

Afşin Çetinkaya, Sadullah Levent Kuzu, Ahmet Demir

Environmental Research and Technology • 0

<jats:p xml:lang="en">Bio-electroactive fuel cells are systems that produce useful products from renewable sources without causing environmental pollution and treating waste. In this study, general design properties, operation mechanisms, application areas, and historical advancement of the bio-electroactive fuel cell was reviewed. Electricity generating microbial fuel cells offer new opportunities as with hydrogen and methane-producing microbial electrolysis cells due to their attractive variety of electroactive microorganisms and operating situations. This article provides an up-to-date review for Bio-electroactive fuel cells and outlines instructions for future studies.</jats:p>