Satya Prakash, Adrian Racovita, Clenira Varela et al.

• 0

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Gene circuits enable cells to make decisions by controlling the expression of genes in reaction to specific environmental factors<jats:sup>1</jats:sup>. These circuits can be designed to encode logical operations<jats:sup>2–7</jats:sup>, but implementation of more complex algorithms has proved more challenging. Directed evolution optimizes gene circuits<jats:sup>8</jats:sup>without the need for design knowledge<jats:sup>9</jats:sup>, but adjusting multiple genes and conditions<jats:sup>10</jats:sup>in genotype searches poses challenges<jats:sup>11</jats:sup>. Here we show a multicellular sensor system, AdaptoCells, in Escherichia coli, that can evolve complex behavior through an accelerated adaptation to chemical environments. AdaptoCells recognize chemical patterns and act as a decision-making system. Using an iterative improvement method, we demonstrate that the AdaptoCells can evolve to achieve mastery in the game of tic-tac-toe, demonstrating an unprecedented level of complexity for engineered living cells. We provide an effective and straightforward way to encode complexity in gene circuits, allowing for fast adaptation in response to dynamic environments and leading to optimal decisions.</jats:p>

Aaron Yip, Owen D. McArthur, Kalista C. Ho et al.

• 0

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Microplastics are contaminants of global concern that pose risks to ecosystems and human health. Focusing on PET plastics, we present a proof-of-concept for reduction of microplastic pollution:<jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic>engineering of bacteria in wastewater to degrade PET. Using a broad-host-range conjugative plasmid, we enabled various bacterial species from a municipal wastewater sample to express FAST-PETase, which was released into the extracellular environment. We found that FAST-PETase purified from some isolates could degrade about 40% of a 0.25 mm thick PET film within four days at 50 °C. We then demonstrate partial degradation of post-consumer PET over 5-7 days by exposure to conditioned media from isolates. These results have broad implications for addressing the global plastic pollution problem by enabling environmental bacteria to degrade PET plastics<jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic>.</jats:p>

Tapio Lehtinen, Henri Virtanen, Suvi Santala et al.

• 0

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Microbial biosynthesis of alkanes is considered a promising method for the sustainable production of drop-in fuels and chemicals. Carbon dioxide would be an ideal carbon source for these production systems, but efficient production of long carbon chains from CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>is difficult to achieve in a single organism. A potential solution is to employ acetogenic bacteria for the reduction of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>to acetate, and engineer a second organism to convert the acetate into long-chain hydrocarbons.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we demonstrate alkane production from CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>by a system combining the acetogen<jats:italic>Acetobacterium woodii</jats:italic>and a non-native alkane producer<jats:italic>Acinetobacter baylyi</jats:italic>ADP1 engineered for alkane production. Nine synthetic two-step alkane biosynthesis pathways consisting of different aldehyde- and alkane-producing enzymes were combinatorically constructed and expressed in<jats:italic>A. baylyi.</jats:italic>The aldehyde-producing enzymes studied were AAR from<jats:italic>Synechococcus elongatus,</jats:italic>Acr1 from<jats:italic>A. baylyi,</jats:italic>and Ramo, a putative dehydrogenase, from<jats:italic>Nevskia ramosa.</jats:italic>The alkane-producing enzymes were ADOs from<jats:italic>S. elongatus</jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Nostoc punctiforme,</jats:italic>and CER1 from<jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana.</jats:italic>The performance of the pathways was evaluated with a twin-layer biosensor, which allowed the monitoring of both the intermediate, fatty aldehyde, as well as the alkane production. The highest alkane production, as indicated by the biosensor, was achieved with a pathway consisting of AAR and ADO from<jats:italic>S. elongatus.</jats:italic>The performance of this pathway was further improved by balancing the relative expression levels of the enzymes in order to limit the accumulation of the intermediate fatty aldehyde. Finally, the acetogen<jats:italic>A. woodii</jats:italic>was used to produce acetate from CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>and H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, and the acetate was used for alkane production by the engineered<jats:italic>A. baylyi,</jats:italic>thereby leading to the net production of long-chain alkanes from CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>A modular system for the production of drop-in liquid fuels from CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>was demonstrated. Among the studied synthetic pathways, the combination of ADO and AAR from<jats:italic>S. elongatus</jats:italic>was found to be the most efficient in heterologous alkane production in<jats:italic>A. baylyi.</jats:italic>Furthermore, limiting the accumulation of the fatty aldehyde intermediate was found to be beneficial for the alkane production.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Cabelkova I*

Food Science &amp; Nutrition Technology • 0

<jats:p>Genetically modified (GM) foods have been at the center of global debate, resulting in diverse public perceptions and regulatory responses. Proponents argue that GM foods are crucial for addressing food security and climate change challenges, highlighting their potential to increase crop yields, enhance nutritional quality, and reduce the environmental impact of agriculture. However, skepticism persists, driven by concerns about potential health risks, environmental effects, and ethical implications. Despite a scientific consensus affirming the safety of GM foods, factors such as cultural values, media influence, and distrust in regulatory authorities have significantly shaped public attitudes, particularly in regions like Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa where skepticism is higher. In contrast, the United States and Latin America show relatively greater acceptance, influenced by economic benefits and trust in scientific institutions like the FDA and EPA. This paper examines the key factors influencing public perception of GM foods, including knowledge gaps, media misinformation, ethical concerns, and regulatory trust. It also explores regional differences in attitudes towards GM foods and provides strategies to bridge the divide in public acceptance. Effective communication, increased transparency in regulatory processes, and inclusive engagement with the public are critical in building trust and fostering a more balanced understanding of GM technology. Addressing these challenges is essential for aligning public perceptions with scientific evidence and promoting informed decision-making about the role of GM foods in the global food system.</jats:p>

Christopher Rodgers

The Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms: Comparative Approaches • 2010

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This chapter assesses the role for environmental liability in the context of the GMOs, with emphasis on the provisions of the Community Environmental Liability Directive. It commences with discussion of the role of liability regimes more generally (adopting Coasean analysis) and compares and contrasts the Environmental Liability Directive with the Lugano Convention. The application of the Environmental Liability Directive is then considered in detail, with particular attention devoted to: the definition of environmental damage, the basis of liability (whether strict or grounded upon fault), the use of the administrative liability model, and risk allocation and insurance. The chapter concludes that the Community regime has serious limitations. Not least, its territorial application is largely restricted to the Natura 2000 network of protected wildlife sites, where GM crop cultivation is in practice unlikely to occur.</jats:p>

Jason Lai

Matrix Science Medica • 2024

<jats:p>This paper examines the ethics, economic effects, and global marketing and communication styles of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). While GMOs have sparked controversial debates since their 1994 introduction, evidence from this paper suggests that they offer significant environmental, health, and economic benefits. Analysis in this paper also shows that effective communication and marketing strategies for GMOs are vital to bridge the gap between scientific consensus and false public perception, ensuring that GMOs are used ethically and sustainably.</jats:p>

Duncan French

The Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms: Comparative Approaches • 2010

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Much has been written on the legal implications of the international regulation of GMOs. This chapter does not reproduce this discussion, but rather considers how general rules of international law, together with more general trends in related legal and policy fields, are likely to prove increasingly apposite in the ongoing debate over how to manage and govern GM activity. In particular, it considers two specific issues: first, the role of treaty interpretation in promoting synergies and reconciling apparently conflicting primary rules; and, secondly, the utility of the concept of sustainable development in determining a balanced framework for the inclusion of socio-economic considerations within GM decision-making processes, as permitted under the Cartagena Protocol. The chapter concludes that an approach which concentrates solely on the regulatory detail will invariably ignore the importance of general international law in regulating such an issue.</jats:p>

Fikremarkos Merso Birhanu

The Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms: Comparative Approaches • 2010

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Modern biotechnology has promised much for agriculture, and these promises are certainly attractive in the case of Africa. Importantly, a number of countries in the continent continue to grapple with food insecurity and starvation. But it remains controversial whether modern biotechnology, in its current state, can overcome these unique challenges. For reasons such as biosafety and fear of loss of export markets, Africa has remained largely ambivalent towards GM crops, and the regulatory regimes governing biosafety in several countries largely restrict their development. While recognizing some of the hurdles which modern biotechnology must clear before it can deliver its promises, this chapter argues that the continent stands to benefit from promoting the development and safe use of GM crops. It further argues that African countries should invest heavily in research and development, with a view to owning the technology and ensuring relevance to their circumstances. This should be the guiding objective of biosafety regulation in Africa.</jats:p>

Michelle Marvier

Oxford Scholarship Online • 2017

<p>This chapter explores ongoing debates surrounding the environmental safety of genetically modified (GM) crops. Systematic review and meta-analysis provide convincing evidence that Bt crops are safer than insecticides for non-target invertebrate species, such as honeybees and ladybird beetles. In addition, widespread adoption of Bt crops has resulted in reduced use of insecticides and other benefits for the environment. Despite such evidence, there remains a substantial opinion gap between the general public and scientists regarding the safety of GM crops. While systematic review and meta-analysis can help to correct for bias in environmental and conservation science, the oversimplification of environmental issues into blackand- white dichotomies such as pro- versus anti-GM crops can stymie the adoption of genuine solutions.</p>

Adnan Aftab, Silvia Salgar-Chaparro, Quan Xie et al.

• 0

<jats:p>Today our energy sectors are focusing on the marathon of CO2 cut and coherently require progress in energy transition schemes to meet the UN climate change challenge and achieve a zero-emission target. Among these schemes, radioactive disposal, CO2, NH3, and H2 geological storage are promising options for fixing anthropogenic waste, greenhouse gases and storing green energy in the depleted oil/gas reservoirs, deep saline aquifers, and salt caverns. Consequently, this could be achieved through rigorous research and development (R&amp;amp;D) projects involving laboratory-scale experiments. Despite the ubiquity of microorganisms in various environments, their potential impact on laboratory studies in fields outside of the biological sciences is not well established. In particular, their presence in research related to new energy technologies, such as hydrogen storage, poses a significant risk to experimental integrity. Microorganisms can consume hydrogen and other substances, leading to potentially misleading results. This oversight can have profound implications, especially when studying geological formations where microbial contamination might alter the properties and behaviours of reservoir rocks. Thus, it is crucial to incorporate sterile controls in experiments to accurately assess the influence of independent variables and to discern the specific effects of microbial presence. The effect of ultraviolet (UV), autoclave, oven heating, ethanol 75%, ethanol 95%, and gamma irradiation for cleaning microorganisms in the sand were investigated Interestingly, our experimental results revealed that gamma irradiation and autoclave heating are the most vibrant options for extinguishing microorganisms from the surface of the rock and saying no to the risk of experimental error in future work reflecting geological storage applications.</jats:p>

Yang Ding, Martin Komainda, Kyle Mason-Jones et al.

• 0

<jats:p>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A diverse range of soil microorganisms accumulate energy to secure their future needs under resource fluctuation or deficiency. Microbial intracellular storage can substantially mediate the stress of resource variability across time, thereby supporting growth and reproduction. Microbial storage is well known in industrial applications and under pure culture conditions, yet few studies address its importance in the soil. To evaluate how widespread microbial energy storage is in soil, we quantified the contents of two intracellular storage compounds, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and triacylglycerides (TAGs), from seven permanent grasslands in Germany differing in field management (grazing/mowing and fertilizing) and soil types. In winter 2021, soil was collected from two depths, 5-10 cm called topsoil, and &amp;gt;30 cm called subsoil, to capture different soil carbon inputs from grass roots. The storage compound contents were determined by gas chromatography&amp;amp;#8211;mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We hypothesized that the carbon input controls the storage compound levels. From topsoil to subsoil, as root carbon inputs (estimated from the fresh root weight) drop with depth, microbial storage levels follow suit. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was measured to qualify carbon availability to microorganisms, and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was to assess microbial biomass. The root weight in the topsoil was 20-50 times higher than in the subsoil, while MBC and DOC contents were 3-4 and 1.5-2.5 times higher, respectively. Storage levels and MBC decreased with depth, and showed a positive correlation with DOC. This experiment allowed us to quantify intracellular storage occurrence in soils and to understand how its distribution related to root carbon input. These results point out that microbial intracellular carbon storage might accumulate according to the available carbon level (root carbon inputs) for microorganisms. Thus, this carbon plays a pivotal role for microbial ecology of soils as it prepares the microbial cells to survive throughout the winter when less carbon is provided by plants.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</jats:p>

Qi Luo, Zhongming Li, Yongxin Li et al.

• 0

<title>Abstract</title> <p>For millennia, cement has been regarded as inert structural material. Here, we challenge this long-standing perception by transforming cement into a “living” energy device, pioneering the first microbial cement supercapacitor. This biohybrid system achieves 178.7 Wh/kg energy density and 8.3 kW/kg power density, surpassing state-of-the-art cement-based capacitors and some lithium-ion capacitors. By integrating electroactive microorganisms into cement, we established a functional charge storage network that leverages extracellular electron transfer to enable dynamic redox-active energy storage. This system exhibits cycling stability, retaining 88% of its capacitance after 5,000 cycles. Even after microbial inactivation, residual conductive networks and redox-active biofilms sustain charge storage. Moreover, we introduce a reactivation strategy, wherein an embedded microfluidic network periodically supplies nutrients to restore microbial activity, enabling up to 18% capacitance recovery and sustaining long-term charge transfer efficiency. Our findings establish a new paradigm for bio-integrated, cement-based energy materials, paving the way for energy-autonomous infrastructure.</p>

Ehsan Akbari, Abbas Zare Ghaleh Seyyedi

• 0

<jats:p id="p1">Although the capability of multifunctional grid-tied inverters (MFGTI) to compensate the voltage-based power quality is limited, more attention has been paid to their ability to improve power quality for effective use of renewable energy sources (RES) and grid resources even in poor power quality conditions. This paper proposes a MFGTI to compensate all power quality issues based on voltage, current and harmonic distortions caused by load and grid as a promising solution in microgrids. In this scheme, the proposed MFGTI can be connected to the grid in series or parallel via bidirectional switches to react to the disturbances occurring across the grid. The necessary compensation of current and voltage are mathematically extracted according to the grid and load situation to regulate the voltage. Also, in the proposed method, compensation strategies, control scheme and transients in the MFGTI are presented and in addition to compensate the balanced and unbalanced grid voltage disturbances, grid current is also compensated and harmonic distortions of PCC voltage and current is also reduced as much as possible under the allowable value. The simulation results to confirm the proposed method including the compensation of unbalanced voltage sag/swell, harmonics and interruption are performed in Simulink/MATLAB environment.</jats:p>

Ahmad Alyan, Jeyraj Selvaraj, Nasrudin Abd Rahim

• 0

<jats:p>Energy storage systems (ESS) have recently emerged as a prevalent solution for mitigating the variability of intermittent renewable energy sources. One of the primary challenges associated with ESS is their cost. This paper aims to explore methods for reducing the size of ESS without compromising performance. Data was collected from a grid-tied 2MW PV unit in Malaysia over several days, as many variables exhibit significant fluctuations from hour to hour due to solar irradiation. Python code was developed to analyze the effects of varying ESS sizes on power grid smoothing. Both high-power density devices and high-energy density devices were tested, and the impact of changing output period durations was investigated. The output should remain stable for no less than five minutes, which is the minimum acceptable timeframe. SIMULINK was utilized to simulate the recommended ESS size, employing a vanadium redox battery (VRB) as the high-energy density device and supercapacitors (SC) as the high-power density device.</jats:p>

NANDINI V

• 0

<title>Abstract</title> <p>The concept of the electric vehicle and its adaptability paved its way almost by itself as the IC (internal combustion engines) were gradually replaced due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases. The electric vehicle operates solely on electricity and requires a power source to do so. In view of the increasing shift to electric vehicles, the source from which the electricity is generated should also be considered from time to time. In the current trends, renewable and hybrid energy options are more focused on charging infrastructure for electric vehicles to achieve zero emission process. This paper elaborates on the role of renewable energy in residential electric vehicle charging infrastructure. The grid-connected PV systems in the residential units are used during the day for charging the vehicles at level 2 AC. The maximum power generated by the PV source so installed is extracted by implementing the Incremental Conductance (INC) algorithm. The maximum power is obtained by using 9-level multilevel inverter which enables residential EVSE infrastructure. In addition, the implementation of bidirectional functions such as Vehicle to Grid (V2G), Vehicle to Home (V2H) and Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) is also discussed.</p>

Olukorede Tijani Adenuga, Senthil Krishnamurthy

• 0

<jats:p>The requirement for integration of power plants due to the cyclical rise in electrical energy consumption is due to fluctuating load demand with the current grid systems. This integration necessitates effective allocating loads to the power plants for a minimum grid-tied transmission line cost while meeting network constraints. In this paper, we formulate an optimisation problem of minimising the total operational cost of all committed plants transmitted to the grid while meeting network constraints and ensuring economic power dispatch (EPD) and energy management system co-optimization. The developed Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method resolve the optimisation problem using piecewise quadratic function to describe the operational cost of the generation units, and the B coefficient approach is employed to estimate the transmission losses. Intelligent adjustments are made to the acceleration coefficients, and a brand-new algorithm is suggested for distributing the initial power values to the generation units. The developed economic power dispatch strategy successfully demonstrated an imperative cost reduction with connected load of 850MW, 1263MW and 2630MW power demand are contrasted with previous PSO application cost values, maximum yearly cost savings of (0.55%, 91.87), (46.55%, 3.78), (73.86%, 89.10) respectively, and significant environmental-benefit. The proposed co-optimisation approach can enhance a significant self-consumption ratio compared to the baseline method.</jats:p>

Ahmad Alyan, Nasrudin Abd Rahim, Jeyraj Selvaraj

• 0

<jats:p>Power smoothing for renewable energy resources is receiving increasing attention. One widely used resource is the grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system. Solar energy production typically follows a Gaussian bell curve, with peaks at midday; however, climate varia-tions can significantly alter this pattern. This paper aims to smooth the power supplied to the grid by the PV system. The proposed controller manages the charge and discharge processes of the Energy Storage System (ESS) to ensure a smooth Gaussian bell curve out-put. It adjusts the parameters of this curve to closely match the generated energy, absorb-ing or supplying fluctuations to maintain the desired profile. This system aims also to provide accurate predictions of the power that should be supplied to the grid by the PV system, based on the capabilities of the ESS and the overall system performance. Although experimental results were not included in this analysis, the system was implemented in SIMULINK using real-world data. It utilizes a hybrid ESS comprising a Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB) and Supercapacitors (SC). The design and operation of the controller, in-cluding curve tuning and ESS charge‒discharge management, are detailed. The simula-tion results demonstrate excellent performance and are thoroughly discussed.</jats:p>

Stuart Licht

ECS Transactions • 2011

<jats:p>STEP, Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production, provides an advance in solar energy conversion efficiency through the use of the full solar spectrum to generate energy rich chemicals. The process captures solar energy with conversion efficiency greater than that of photovoltaics, and rather than electricity, produces the chemical products needed by society. This original process is derived and demonstrated for the solar production of energetically rich chemicals, including iron, and hydrogen fuel without the evolution of carbon dioxide, and to proactively convert and capture anthropogenic CO2 generated in burning fossil fuels. The STEP process distinguishes radiation that is energy sufficient to drive photovoltaic charge transfer, and applies all excess energy to heat and decrease the energy of endothermic electrolysis reactions. Energy sufficient, visible, sunlight drives photovoltaic charge transfer, and available heat, infrared sunlight, and excess visible sunlight, heats, and decreases the energy of, an electrolysis reaction.</jats:p>

E. L. Wolf

Oxford Scholarship Online • 2018

<p>The Sun’s spectrum on Earth is modified by the atmosphere, and is harvested either by generating heat for direct use or for running heat engines, or by quantum absorption in solar cells, to be discussed later. Focusing of sunlight requires tracking of the Sun and is defeated on cloudy days. Heat engines have efficiency limits similar to the Carnot cycle limit. The steam turbine follows the Rankine cycle and is well developed in technology, optimally using a re-heat cycle of higher efficiency. Having learned quite a bit about how the Sun’s energy is created, and how that process might be reproduced on Earth, we turn now to methods for harvesting the energy from the Sun as a sustainable replacement for fossil fuel energy.</p>

Yuxin Huo

2022 12th International Conference on Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics • 2022

Since the industrial revolution, fossil fuels have been the main energy source of human activity. After few centuries of continuous use, the storage of fossil fuels has been declining and the cost are becoming increasingly higher in the coming decades. For these reasons, it is essential to research and develop new approaches of producing energy through harvesting renewable energies. This paper introduces a hypothetical concept that produces electrical energy from bio-redox flow cells which integrates energy conversion and storage system through combining the concepts of bio-photovoltaic cell, fuel cell, microbial fuel cell, and flow cell. The system is expected to be environmentally friendly and energy efficient. In addition, we expect that phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), the energy storage material of the bio-redox flow cell, can be biosynthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To be specific, the bio-redox flow cell charging process operates through the reduction of PCA and the oxidation of water, which is catalysed by chloroplast with the utilization of sunlight, producing reduced PCA and oxygen. The bio-redox flow cell discharge process operates through the electrochemical oxidation of reduced PCA and electrochemical reduction of oxygen, releasing electricity, PCA, and H2O.

Jiri Vanek, Marek Pekarek, Kristyna Jandova

• 0

<title>Abstract</title> <p>In this paper, we compare different photovoltaic systems with electrochemical battery storage of electricity for a selected family house in the Czech Republic in the Opava area and the option with the power plant direct selling energy to the grid or with the use of a distributor service called virtual battery. The work also includes an economic analysis and a calculation of the return on investment, considering the available energy products from energy suppliers in the Czech Republic.</p>

Huang Huanhai

Materials Science: Materials Review • 0

<jats:p>The potential crisis of energy and the deterioration of ecological environment make the world's cumbersomedevelopment of renewable energy including new energy, including solar energy. Traditional energy in the coal, oil andnatural gas are evolved from ancient fossils, it is collectively referred to as fossil fuels. As the world's energy needscontinue to increase, fossil fuels will also be depleted, it is necessary to fi nd a new energy to replace the traditionalenergy. Solar energy is a clean renewable energy with mineral energy incomparable superiority. Modern society shouldbe a conservation-oriented society, and social life should also be a life-saving energy. At the same time, Premier WenJiabao also proposed on June 30, 2005 and stressed the need to speed up the construction of a conservation-orientedsociety. And solar energy as an inexhaustible new environmentally friendly energy has become the world's energyresearch work in the world an important issue. Is the world in the economic situation to take a simpler, economical,environmentally friendly and reliable building heating and heating energy-saving measures. This paper summarizes thecurrent global energy status, indicating the importance of solar power and prospects. Details of the various solar powergeneration methods and their advantages, and made a comparison of this power generation parameters. At the sametime pointed out that the diffi culties faced by solar power and solutions, as well as China's solar power of the favorableconditions and diffi culties. The future of China's solar energy made a prospect.</jats:p>

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering • 0

<jats:p>A two-stage PV water-pumping system architecture is represented in this paper. In contrast with other alternatives available in the literature, the electronic drive does not exploit batteries to accomplish energy decoupling, neither large electrolytic capacitors in between stages. Although these two design decisions respectively minimize environmental impacts and increase the converter’s expected lifetime, they also bring about considerable control difficulties. More specifically, the DC link stiffness is reduced and thus large voltage oscillations may occur. In order to overcome this problem, a nonlinear controller interconnection between the individual compensator of each stage is created to account for the low capacitance. Simulations and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in stabilizing the DC-link voltage under sudden solar irradiation changes. The final converter was deployed in a remote rural community in Guinea-Bissau for crop irrigation purposes. Despite the harsh conditions such as high temperatures and sea breeze, in situ results were satisfactory and validated the system robustness</jats:p>

Ghadeer Badran, Mahmoud Dhimish

• 0

<title>Abstract</title> <p>This paper presents the first comprehensive study of a groundbreaking Vertically Mounted Bifacial Photovoltaic (VBPV) system, marking a significant innovation in solar energy technology. The VBPV system, characterized by its vertical orientation and the use of high-efficiency Heterojunction (HJT) cells, introduces a novel concept diverging from traditional solar panel installations. Our empirical research, conducted over a full year at the University of York, UK, offers an inaugural assessment of this pioneering technology. The study reveals that the VBPV system significantly outperforms both a vertically mounted monofacial PV (VMPV) system and a conventional tilted monofacial PV (TMPV) system in energy output. Key findings include a daily power output increase of 7.12% and 10.12% over the VMPV system and an impressive 26.91% and 22.88% enhancement over the TMPV system during early morning and late afternoon hours, respectively. Seasonal analysis shows average power gains of 11.42% in spring, 8.13% in summer, 10.94% in autumn, and 12.45% in winter compared to the VMPV system. Against the TMPV system, these gains are even more substantial, peaking at 24.52% in winter. These results underscore the VBPV system's exceptional efficiency in harnessing solar energy across varied environmental conditions, establishing it as a promising and sustainable solution in solar energy technology.</p>

Gerasimos Kanellos, Asimina Tremouli, Petros Tsakiridis et al.

• 0

<title>Abstract</title> <p>The solar energy sector has grown rapidly in the past decades, addressing the issues of energy security and climate change. Many photovoltaic panels that were installed during this technological revolution, have accumulated as waste and even more are nearing their End-of-Life (EoL). Based on circular economy, a new hydrometallurgical process has been proposed for the management of the EoL PVs. This results in a chemical extract containing 0.7 % w/w Ag, along with various other metals. This study investigates the cell power generation and the kinetics of the silver recovery, along with the parasitic removal of other heavy metals, both from synthetic and the real chemical extract in the cathode of a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). The results indicated that silver was completely recovered from the synthetic and the real chemical extract, with a rate of ~82 μmol/h and ~32 μmol/h, respectively. The difference is attributed to the simultaneous reduction of other heavy metals in amorphous compounds, hindering the silver reduction kinetics and leading to a gradual electrode passivation. Nevertheless, silver can be 100% retrieved from the chemical extract, with a purity of 68-96% w/w (average 86% w/w at the end of the batch cycle), in crystal (face center cube) structure, containing minor metal impurities.</p>

Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics • 0

<jats:p>Wind energy is an alternative future energy to fossil fuels since it is abundant and green energy. As a result, high performance unique design is proposed that has a diffuser augmented wind turbine including intake funnel with guide vanes, natural fan, straight flow section, exit splitter with air openings and end flange. This proposed design is called as Integrated omni-directional Intake funnel, Natural fan, Straight diffuser, Splitter and Flange (I2NS2F) Design. To construct this I2NS2F configuration, four distinct wind turbines were developed: a) bare wind turbine, b) wind turbine diffuser design with single rotor turbine, c) bend diffuser, intake funnel, natural fan, splitter and flange and d) I2NS2F design. The proposed designs are numerically studied using MATLAB Simulink and Ansys Fluent. These designs are optimized by Random Search Optimization with Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition technique to evaluate the wind velocity and the performance is comparatively estimated. From this analysis, I2NS2F design achieves 53m/s of wind velocity at turbine region for 5.5m/s inlet wind and it could be considered as highest wind velocity than other three designs. It is evidently proved and concluded that proposed I2NS2F design augments natural wind, resulting in greater green power generation.</jats:p>

Lucas Touw, Pablo Jaen Sola, Erkan Oterkus

Wind • 0

<jats:p>Rotor and stator support structures of significant size and mass are required to withstand the considerable loads that direct-drive wind turbine electrical generators face to maintain an air-gap clearance that is open and stable. With the increase of scale, reducing the weight and environmental impact of these support structures is believed to be one of the key components to unlocking the true potential of direct-drive generators. An investigation on the electrical generator rotor structure of the IEA 15 MW offshore reference wind turbine was conducted. An integrated approach that considered the environmental impact, including the manufacturing energy usage and CO2 footprint, as well as the financial repercussions of structural parameter modifications as they are optimised was followed, making use of distinct commercial pieces of software. The rotor structure was parametrically optimised, and its operating loading conditions were evaluated at various size scales. The study determined that the effect of thermal loading is significant, which forces the designer to augment the mass to comply with the imposed structural requirements. The ensuing life-cycle assessment showed an increase in the environmental impact due to the consideration of this particular load, whose effect in structural deflection and stress has been typically underestimated.</jats:p>

Shaig Hamzaliyev, Eva P.S. Eibl, Gylfi Páll Hersir et al.

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<jats:p>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A geyser is a multiphase geothermal feature that exhibits frequent, jetting&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;eruptions of hot water and non-condensable gases such as CO2. In Iceland it&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;was noted that Strokkur geyser erupts at regular intervals. Following single&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;eruptions the typical waiting time is for example 3.7 &amp;amp;#177; 0.9 min. However, we&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;noted that single eruptions are sometimes followed by an up to 7 min long&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;gap and are the first ones to investigate this in the context of the weather at&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Strokkur.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;A local broadband seismic network at Strokkur geyser, Iceland recorded more&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;than 300000 eruptions during 2017-2018 and 2020-2021. The hourly weather&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;data was acquired from the Hjardarland meteorological station at a few kilome-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;ters distance from Strokkur maintained by the Icelandic Meteorological Office.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;First we calculate the waiting time after eruptions and to make it comparable&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;with the hourly weather data we calculate hourly means. First we used a sim-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;ple pearson correlation to calculate the correlation in different time windows.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;As the time window increased the correlation between the waiting time and&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;wind speed increased. No substantial increase in the correlation coefficients was&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;visible for window lengths of more than 8 hours. So we chose an 8 hour long&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;time window for the further analysis. We compare the averaged waiting time&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;after eruptions, with wind speed, temperature, air pressure and humidity. To&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;understand the relation more deeply, we plot each weather parameter vs. the&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;waiting time average and fit linear and quadratic functions to the data. We&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;find a strong correlation with the wind speed and minor anticorrelation with&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;temperature and humidity. After calculating residuals the results indicate that&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;there is a quadratic relation between the waiting time and wind speed. This&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;highlights the sensitivity of the pool geyser with respect to environmental factors&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;interfering with the heat balance of the system.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</jats:p>

Vasil A Gaisin, Corina Hadjicharalambous, Izabela Mujakic et al.

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<jats:p>Bacterial contractile injection systems (CISs) are multiprotein complexes that facilitate the bacterial response to environmental factors or interactions with other organisms. Multiple novel CISs have been characterised in laboratory bacterial cultures recently; however, studying CISs in the context of the native microbial community remains challenging. Here, we present an approach to characterise a new, bioinformatically predicted CIS by directly analysing bacterial cells from their natural environment. Using cryo-focused ion beam milling and cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) imaging, guided by 16S amplicon sequencing, we discovered that thermophilic Chloroflexota bacteria produce intracellular CIS particles in a natural microbial hot spring mat. We then found a niche-specific production of CIS in the structured microbial community using an approach combining shotgun metagenomics, proteomics, and immunogold staining. Bioinformatic analysis and imaging revealed CISs in other extremophilic Chloroflexota and Deinococcota. This Chloroflexota/Deinococcota CIS lineage shows phylogenetic and structural similarity to previously described cytoplasmic CIS from Streptomyces and probably shares the same cytoplasmic mode of action. Our integrated environmental cryoET approach is suitable for discovering and characterising novel macromolecular complexes in environmental samples.</jats:p>

Diego Rojas-Gätjens, Alejandro Arce-Rodríguez, Fernando Puente-Sánchez et al.

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>In this work, we characterize the geochemistry and microbial community of Bajo las Peñas, a neutral (pH 6.5-7.4), hot spring (T = 62.0-68.0°C) located near Turrialba Volcano, Costa Rica. The microbiota at its two sources belongs mainly to the family Aquificae, comprising OTUs closely related to the genera<jats:italic>Sulfurihydrogenibium</jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Thermosulfidibacter</jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Thermodesulfovibrio</jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Thermocrinis</jats:italic>which is consistent with the presence of moderate levels of sulfate (243-284 mg/L) along the stream. We determined a dramatic shift in the microbial community just a few meters downstream of the sources of the hot spring (15-20 meters), with a change from sulfur related chemoautotrophic (e.g.<jats:italic>Sulfurihydrogenibium</jats:italic>and an OTU closely related to<jats:italic>Thermodesulfovibrio</jats:italic>) to chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes (e.g.<jats:italic>Meiothermus</jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Nitrososphaera</jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Thermoflexus</jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Thermus</jats:italic>). Thus, in this neutral hot spring, the first level of the trophic chain is associated with photosynthesis as well other anaerobic CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>fixing bacteria. Then, thermotolerant chemoheterotrophic bacteria colonize the environment to degrade organic matter and use fermentative products from the first level of the trophic chain. Our data demonstrate how quickly the microbial community of an ecosystem can change in response to environmental variables and sheds light on the microbial ecology of less common circumneutral pH hot springs.</jats:p>

T Slosser, E Markert, M Wenick et al.

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Aerobic ammonia oxidation is crucial to the nitrogen cycle, and is only known to be performed by a small number of bacterial lineages (Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria, or AOBs) and a single clade of archaea (Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea, or AOAs) belonging to the Nitrososphaera class of Thaumarchaeota. Most characterized AOA originate from marine or wastewater environments, but this may represent only a limited subset of the full diversity of this clade. Here, we describe several genomes of AOA from metagenomic sequencing of a hot spring microbial mat, representing several poorly characterized basal lineages that may be important for understanding the early evolution of archaeal ammonia oxidation.</jats:p>

G. Pillot, O. Amin Ali, S. Davidson et al.

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are extreme and complex ecosystems based on a trophic chain. We are still unsure of the identities of the first colonizers of these environments and their metabolism, but they are thought to be (hyper)thermophilic autotrophs. Here we investigate whether the electric potential observed across hydrothermal chimneys could serve as an energy source for these first colonizers. Experiments were performed in a two-chamber microbial electrochemical system inoculated with deep-sea hydrothermal chimney samples, with a cathode as sole electron donor, CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>as sole carbon source, and nitrate, sulfate, or oxygen as electron acceptors. After a few days of culture, all three experiments showed growth of electrotrophic biofilms consuming the electrons (directly or indirectly) and producing organic compounds including acetate, glycerol, and pyruvate. Within the biofilms, the only known autotroph species retrieved were members of<jats:italic>Archaeoglobales</jats:italic>. Various heterotrophic phyla also grew through trophic interactions, with<jats:italic>Thermococcales</jats:italic>growing in all three experiments as well as other bacterial groups specific to each electron acceptor. This electrotrophic metabolism as energy source driving initial microbial colonization of conductive hydrothermal chimneys is discussed.</jats:p>

Gunter Wegener, Massimiliano Molari, Autun Purser et al.

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<title>Abstract</title> <p><bold>Hydrothermal vents transport hot fluids rich in potential microbial energy sources into the water column. Here, we describe two deep-sea mounds with hydrothermal venting on the Gakkel Ridge in the ice-covered Central Arctic Ocean. Both mounds showed fresh pillow basalts and mineralization of metal sulfides. Vent fauna were rare, but locally filter feeders and opportunists grazing microbial mats were abundant. The hydrothermal plumes rose up to 800 m into the deep Arctic Ocean, and in the non-buoyant plume phase, rates of microbial carbon fixation were up to 50 times higher than values for background seawater. In the Polaris plume, sulfide and hydrogen supported the growth of the chemoautotrophs SUP05 and </bold><italic><bold>Candidatus</bold></italic><bold> Sulfuriomonas pluma. At the Aurora vents, the hydrogen oxidizer </bold><italic><bold>Ca.</bold></italic><bold>S. pluma dominated, whereas metal sulfide precipitation reduced the bioavailability of sulfide in the plume. There was no evidence for methane consumption at either site. Our results demonstrate the dominance of hydrogen as an energy source in Arctic hydrothermal vents.</bold></p>

Jorge Daniel Taillant

Glaciers • 2015

<p> It’s mind-boggling (and a bit scary) to consider that while most of our planet’s surface is covered with water, only about 2–3% of this water is actually freshwater—that is, water that we can drink. That means that most of the world’s water (about 98%) is of no use for human consumption or for agriculture. But perhaps a more startling statistic that few actually realize is that of this minuscule percentage of water that is actually apt for consumption, three-fourths of it is packed away in dense millenary ice located in the polar ice caps; this is water that we will probably never see in fresh liquid form. Except for documentaries we see occasionally on television about fearsome adventurers who traveled to Antarctica or to the ice sheets of the North Pole, most of us have never ventured (and probably never will) to the North or South Pole where this ice is located. These are rather inhospitable places of our planet that we could only tolerate on extremely nice days and only for a few days at best, if we were ever able to get there at all. We hear about the polar caps melting due to climate change. We see images of penguins in the Southern Hemisphere or polar bears in the north suffering from a warming climate, and we even see entertaining animated movies about these obscure and rapidly changing environments and how odd creatures adapt or succumb to these changes. We hear from many media sources, from scientists and from environmentalists, that enormous ice masses at the poles are melting fast and breaking away into our oceans. James Balog, a photographer and cryoactivist, recently produced a documentary film called Chasing Ice, which incredibly captured the calving (the collapse) of a chunk of glacier ice half the size of Manhattan Island, breaking off from the Ilulissat Glacier and rolling into gelid waters off Greenland. Pieces of glacier ice more than 200 meters (650 ft) tall—as tall as skyscrapers—suddenly sank, vanished, resurfaced, and bounced around in the water as this colossal glacier crumbled into the sea. Since then, much larger calvings have been reported around the world.</p>

Sun Zhenqi, Wang Shijin

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<jats:p id="p1">Taking the Yangtze River Source Basin (YRSB) and Shule River Basin (SRB) as two typical cases, the sustainability of the water resources in these two basins was evaluated using the Level of Water Stress (LWS) from Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.4.2, and the regulating effect of the glacier runoff on the LWS was quantified. From 2000 to 2030, the level of socioeconomic development in the YRSB is low, and the total water consumption is only about 0.18×10 m whereas the SRB has a relatively high level of socioeconomic development and total water consumption is about 10×10 m , i.e., 50 times higher than that in the YRSB. For the above reasons, the SRB’s LWS is much higher than the YRSB’s, resulting in a very low sustainability of water resources. As natural assets, glaciers flow downstream in runoff mode, so compensation at the watershed scale should be considered. In the basin, the optimal allocation of water resources is needed. At the inter-basin scale, the compensation mechanism of glacier water resources needs to be improved.</jats:p>

Jessica Mulvogue

Studies in World Cinema • 2023

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>In “Cinema Seen from Etna”, Jean Epstein makes an enigmatic comparison between cinema and the volcano. In witnessing the exploding Etna, Epstein proclaims that he saw cinema itself. This essay examines this connection between cinema and the volcano through an exploration of Werner Herzog’s documentary <jats:italic>Into the Inferno</jats:italic> (2016) and Malena Szlam’s geological films <jats:italic>ALTIPLANO</jats:italic> (2018) and <jats:italic>MERAPI</jats:italic> (2021). Drawing on literature in environmental humanities – especially those on the lithic and the elemental – I think the cinema through the volcano to arrive at the proposition that cinema, at least a certain kind of ‘volcanic cinema’, is a means of approaching something we might call ‘volcanic thinking’. This is a thinking alongside the elements, one that bears particular affinity with the sometimes explosive churning of rock and fire, a thinking that is necessary and critical for our volatile age.</jats:p>

Alex Burkert, Thomas A. Douglas, Mark P. Waldrop et al.

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Permafrost hosts a community of microorganisms that survive and reproduce for millennia despite extreme environmental conditions such as water stress, subzero temperatures, high salinity, and low nutrient availability. Many studies focused on permafrost microbial community composition use DNA-based methods such as metagenomic and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. However, these methods do not distinguish between active, dead, and dormant cells. This is of particular concern in ancient permafrost where constant subzero temperatures preserve DNA from dead organisms and dormancy may be a common survival strategy. To circumvent this we applied: (i) live/dead differential staining coupled with microscopy, (ii) endospore enrichment, and (iii) selective depletion of DNA from dead cells to permafrost microbial communities across a Pleistocene permafrost chronosequence (19K, 27K, and 33K). Cell counts and analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons from live, dead, and dormant cells revealed how communities differ between these pools and how they change over geologic time. We found clear evidence that cells capable of forming endospores are not necessarily dormant and that the propensity to form endospores differed among taxa. Specifically, Bacilli are more likely to form endospores in response to long-term stressors associated with permafrost environmental conditions than members of Clostridia, which are more likely to persist as vegetative cells over geologic timescales. We also found that exogenous DNA preserved within permafrost does not bias DNA sequencing results since its removal did not significantly alter the microbial community composition. These results extend the findings of a previous study that showed permafrost age and ice content largely control microbial community diversity and cell abundances.</jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Importance</jats:title><jats:p>The study of permafrost transcends the study of climate change and exobiology. Permafrost soils store more than half earth’s soil carbon despite covering ∽15% of the land area (Tarnocai et al 2009). This permafrost carbon is rapidly degraded following thaw (Tarnocai C et al 2009, Schuur et al 2015). Understanding microbial communities in permafrost will contribute to the knowledge base necessary to understand the rates and forms of permafrost C and N cycling post thaw. Permafrost is also an analog for frozen extraterrestrial environments and evidence of viable organisms in ancient permafrost is of interest to those searching for potential life on distant worlds. If we can identify strategies microbial communities utilize to survive permafrost we can focus efforts searching for evidence of life on cryogenic cosmic bodies. Our work is significant because it contributes to an understanding of how microbial life adapts and survives in the extreme environmental conditions in permafrost terrains across geologic timescales.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Luyao Kang, Yutong Song, Rachel Mackelprang et al.

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<jats:p>Permafrost, characterized by its frozen soil, serves as a unique and ecologically significant habitat for diverse microorganisms. Understanding the intricacies of their community structure and functional attributes is crucial for predicting the response of permafrost ecosystems to climate change. However, large-scale evidence regarding microbial profiles and their differences across soil strata remains limited. Here we analyze microbial structure and metabolic potential in permafrost deposits based on 16S rRNA and metagenomic data obtained from a &amp;#8764;1,000 km permafrost transect on the Tibetan Plateau. We find that microbial communities exhibit apparent discrepancy in structure among soil depth, with a decline in alpha diversity and an increase in spatial variation along soil profile. Microbial assemblages are primarily governed by dispersal limitation and drift, with dispersal limitation being more pronounced in permafrost layer. We also observe that functional genes related to reduction reactions, including nitrate reduction, denitrification, polysulfide reduction, sulfide reduction, tetrathionate reduction, Fe reduction, and methanogenesis, are enriched in the permafrost layer. Taxa involving in redox reactions are more diverse in the permafrost layer and contribute highly to community-level metabolic profiles, reflecting higher redox potential and more complicated trophic strategies for microorganisms in permafrost deposits. These findings provide new insights into the large-scale stratigraphic profiles of microbial community structure and biogeochemical processes and laying the groundwork for future endeavors that elucidate microbial responses to environmental change in permafrost regions.</jats:p>

Sylvain Monteux,

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<jats:p>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Considering the potential positive feedback between climate warming and the release of greenhouse gases following the increased decomposition of the organic matter stored in permafrost soils as they thaw is an important challenge for the upcoming climate change assessments. While our understanding of physico-chemical constraints on thawing permafrost SOM decomposition has vastly improved since IPCC&amp;amp;#8217;s fifth assessment report, biotic interactions can still be the source of large uncertainties. Here we discuss the effects of two biotic interactions in the context of thawing permafrost: rhizosphere priming effect and microbial functional limitations. Rhizosphere priming effects are still-unclear mechanisms that result in increased SOM decomposition rates in the vicinity of plant roots. We consider these effects through the PrimeSCale modeling framework, discussing its predictions and its limitations, in particular which observations and data should be acquired to further improve it. Microbial functional limitations were recently evidenced in permafrost microbial communities and consist in missing or impaired functions, likely due to strong environmental filtering over millennial time-scales. We present what this mechanism can imply in terms of permafrost soil functioning and briefly discuss what could be the next steps before its inclusions in modeling efforts.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</jats:p>

H. Link, G. Chaillou, A. Forest et al.

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<jats:p>Abstract. The effects of climate change on Arctic marine ecosystems and their biogeochemical cycles are difficult to predict given the complex physical, biological and chemical interactions among the ecosystem components. To predict the impact of future changes on benthic biogeochemical fluxes in the Arctic, it is important to understand the influence of short-term (seasonal to annual), long-term (annual to decadal) and other environmental variability on their spatial distribution. In summer 2009, we measured fluxes of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, soluble reactive phosphate and silicic acid at the sediment-water interface at eight sites in the southeastern Beaufort Sea at water depths from 45 to 580 m to address the following question and hypotheses using a statistical approach: (1) What is the spatial variation of benthic boundary fluxes (sink and source)? (2) The classical proxy of benthic activity, oxygen flux, does not determine overall spatial variation in fluxes. (3) A different combination of environmental conditions that vary either on a long-term (decadal) or short-term (seasonal to annual) scale determine each single flux. And (4) A combination of environmental conditions varying on the short and long-term scale drive the overall spatial variation in benthic boundary fluxes. The spatial pattern of the measured benthic boundary fluxes was heterogeneous. Multivariate analysis of flux data showed that no single or reduced combination of fluxes could explain the majority of spatial variation. We tested the influence of eight environmental parameters: sinking flux of particulate organic carbon above the bottom, sediment surface Chl a (both short-term), porosity, surface manganese and iron concentration, bottom water oxygen concentrations (all long-term), phaeopigments (intermediate-term influence) and Δ13Corg (terrestrial influence) on benthic fluxes. Short-term environmental parameters were most important for explaining oxygen, ammonium and nitrate fluxes. Long-term parameters together with Δ13Corg signature explained most of the spatial variation in phosphate, nitrate and nitrite fluxes. Sediment pigments and Δ13Corg levels in surficial sediments were most important to explain fluxes of silicic acid. The overall spatial distribution of fluxes could be best explained (57%) by the combination of sediment Chla, phaeopigments, Δ13Corg, surficial manganese and bottom water oxygen concentration. We conclude that it is necessary to consider long-term environmental variability in the prediction of the impact of ongoing short-term environmental changes on the flux of oxygen and nutrients in Arctic sediments. Our results contribute to improve ecological models predicting the impact if climate change on the functioning of marine ecosystems. </jats:p>