Discover insights from thousands of peer-reviewed papers on microbial electrochemical systems
Kuldeep Saini, Vinay Mohan Pathak, Arpit Tyagi et al.
Catalysis Research · 2022
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) is a multifunctional enzyme that hydrolyzes the <em>α</em>-glycosidic bond between two sugar molecules and synthesizes cyclodextrins (CDs) and other transglycosylation products. It is a ubiquitously present extracellular enzyme that offers the CGTase-producing organism the sole right onto starch substrates over other microbes. The present review provides a brief account of diversity among CGTase-producing microbes, CGTase production in different heterologous hosts (wherein extracellular secretion is highly desired), and different physicochemical properties of CGTases. Overall, 52 crystal structures that highlight the five domain tertiary structure of CGTases have been discovered so far. On the basis of these structures, the catalytic mechanism of CGTase reactions has been discussed, and three catalytic residues, namely Glu257, Asp229, and Asp328, have been identified at the active site in all CGTases. Moreover, the active site is constituted by at least nine sugar-binding sites, denoted as -7 to +2. Furthermore, a sequence alignment of selected CGTases highlighted the conserved regions and the sequential differences among <em>α</em>-CGTases, <em>β</em>-CGTases, and <em>γ</em>-CGTases. Various biotechnological applications of CGTases and CGTase immobilization on a variety of support matrices are briefly discussed. This review also encompasses a detailed account of CDs, their enzymatic production, extraction, and applications in different industrial sectors.
A. Lahiri, Li Yang, Guozhu Li et al.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · 2019
Zn ion batteries (ZIB) have recently emerged to be a promising and rather cheap alternative to Li-ion batteries. However, the divalent charge of Zn limits the choice of cathode materials, whereas the choice of electrolyte is limited by hydrogen evolution reaction. Polymer cathodes have shown to be promising material for ZIB. In this paper we have studied in detail a Zn/polypyrrole battery in both aqueous and bio-ionic liquid-water mixture electrolytes. From in situ Raman spectroscopy it was observed that in aqueous solution Zn intercalation/deintercalation takes place by a two-step mechanism whereas a single-step mechanism for Zn storage was involved in bio-ionic liquid-water mixture electrolytes. The charge-discharge measurements showed a higher Zn storage capacity in the mixture of bio-ionic liquid-water electrolyte compared to the aqueous electrolyte. However with cycling, a capacity loss was observed. Post analysis of the polymer after cycling showed that a phase transformation has taken place in the polymer with Zn ions trapped in the polymer matrix which decreased the Zn storage capacity. Furthermore, the Zn anode showed formation of Zn nanoflakes from aqueous electrolytes which might lead to dendritic growth, whereas dendrite-free Zn nanoparticles were observed on using the bio-ionic liquid-water electrolyte.
K. Patnaik, Rajashekar Badam, Yueying Peng et al.
Chemical Communications · 2021
Extremely high nitrogen doped carbon was designed by facile pyrolysis of bio-based poly(2,5-benzimidazole) as a single source of nitrogen and carbon. For the first time ever, a carbon-based anode with ∼17 wt% of nitrogen doping with extremely fast charging (XFC) capability at 18.6 A g-1 and ultralong cyclability (3000 cycles) with 90% capacity retention was investigated. Full cell studies also indicated the commercial competence of the novel material.
Meisheng He, Habib Forootan Fard, Khalid Yahya et al.
Sustainability · 2023
Renewable energies are the best solutions to reduce CO2 emissions and supply reliable electricity. This study aims to find the best combination of various components considering economic, environmental, and technical factors together. The most important consideration factors are the limitation of using PV panels due to the land constraints and applying CO2 penalties where diesel generators and the grid are generating electricity. Findings show that providing electricity by hybrid systems would be useful even in the well-provided electricity regions by the grid with the least blackouts. The best combination of the proposed components, including PV, bio generator, diesel generator, batteries, and grid for the case study region where the load demand is 890 kWh/day and peak load is 167.2 kW, would be an off-grid hybrid system including PV, bio generator, diesel generator, and battery. The optimization results show an NPC (present value of the costs of investment and operation of a system over its lifetime) of $1.02 million and a COE (the average cost per capital of useful electricity produced by the system) of 0.188 $/kWh. Finally, due to the showing of the effect of different conditions on the optimization results and making the study usable for other circumstances of the case study region, some sensitivity analyses have been carried out.
O. Togibasa, E. Haryati, K. Dahlan et al.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series · 2019
Bio-battery is a device that generates electricity from organic compounds. However, organic compounds derived from crops should be avoided in order to prevent food shortages. The tropical almond (Terminalia catappa L.) widely known as “ketapang” in Indonesia is considered as potential bio-fuel cells for bio-batteries since it is rich in sugar, a non-crop and grows abundantly in Indonesia. In this study we developed a bio-battery prototype from tropical almond paste. The characterization of this device yields an average open cell voltage of 0.98 ± 0.09 V, and the power curve shows a peak value of 0.25 mW with a stable current lasting up to 2 days while observed when the device was connected to a load of 100Ω. This device may be suitable to apply in rural communities.
Julia Elisabeth Sitanggang, Nur Zahra Latifah, Opi Sopian et al.
Indonesian Journal of Multidiciplinary Research · 2021
This study investigated the effect of the ratio of the electrolyte paste mixture of cassava peel (CP) and pineapple peel (PP) on the voltage and current strength. In the experiments, prior to using, CP and PP biomass waste was cleaned then soaked for 30 minutes. Furthermore, the biomass waste is mashed and put into the test media according to the comparison. In this study, CP/PP compositions were varied with the value of 100: 0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; and 0: 100. The results showed that the highest electrolyte obtained by voltage and current strength with a ratio of 100: 0. The more CP comparisons used, the greater the voltage and strong current. This research is potentially used as one of the renewable alternative energies and can utilize existing biomass waste.
Tugba Ceren Gokoglan, Shyam K. Pahari, Patrick J Cappillino et al.
ECS Meeting Abstracts · 2020
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have been identified as a promising large-scale energy storage technology to enable the transition toward a carbon-neutral electricity grid [1]. Among various types of RFBs, non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NRFBs) have the potential to reach the energy density of lithium-ion batteries, while maintaining the advantages of flow systems, including decoupled power and energy rating and efficient long-duration storage [2]. Despite the potential of this transformative technology, poor active material stability poses a fundamental obstacle to NRFB research progress [3-4]. Furthermore, low active material concentrations negate high theoretical energy densities made possible by the wide electrochemical windows of non-aqueous electrolytes [5]. To simultaneously address these issues, we have recently developed an active material based on a molecule known as Amavadin that is naturally occurring in mushrooms of the Amanita genus. Biosynthesis of this molecule evolved to bind vanadium selectively and with the highest stability ever reported. Synthetic analogs of Amavadin are synthesized in our lab (vanadium(iv) bis-hydroxyiminodiacetate ([VBH] 2- )), using inexpensive reagents, at large scale, with high yield and are implemented as a high-stability scaffold for NRFB development [3]. This study aims to elucidate the electrochemical behavior of the introduced NRFB electrolyte at elevated concentrations using an ultramicroelectrode technique. The general trends of critical redox properties of symmetric, [N XXXX ] 2 [VBH] compounds (x = 1 to 4) are systematically investigated to provide fundamental insight into NRFB electrolyte dynamics. Finally, the performance characteristics of the [VBH]-based electrolytes will be demonstrated using operando flow cell data. References: 1. L. Soloveichik, Chem. Rev., 2015, 115 (20) , 11533-11558. 2. J. Cappillino, H. D. Pratt, N. S. Hudak, N. C. Tomson, T. M. Anderson, M. R. Anstey, Adv. Energy Mater., 2015, 4 (1) , 1300566. 3. Huang, R. Howland, E. Agar, M. Nourani, J. A. Golden, P. J. Cappillino, J. Mater. Chem. A., 2017, 5 , 11586-11591. 4. C. Gokoglan, S. K. Pahari, A. Hamel, R. Howland, P. J. Cappillino, E. Agar, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2019, 166 (10) , A1745-A1751. 5. H. Attanayake, J. A. Kowalski, K. V. Greco, M. D. Casselman, J. D. Milshtein, S. J. Chapman, S. R. Parkin, F. R. Brushett, S. A. Odom, Chem. Mater., 2019, 31 , 4353-4363.
Durgesh Srivastav, Nagesh Devidas Patil, Pravesh Chandra Shukla
SAE Technical Paper Series · 2025
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining popularity due to their zero tailpipe emissions, superior energy efficiency, and sustainable nature. EVs have various limitations, and crucial one is the occurrence of thermal runaway in the battery pack. During charging or discharging condition of battery pack may result in thermal runaway condition. This promotes the requirement of effective cooling arrangement in and around the battery pack to avoid localized peak temperature. In the present work, thermal management of a 26650 Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cell using natural convection air cooling, composite biobased phase change material (CBPCM) and its combination with copper fins is numerically investigated using multi-scale multi dimension - Newman, Tiedenann, Gu and Kim (MSMD-NTGK) battery model in Ansys Fluent at an ambient temperature of 306 K. Natural convection air cooling was found effective at discharge rates of 1C to 3C, maintaining cell temperature below the safe limit of 318 K for 80% DoD. However, the temperatures increased to 321.7 K and 325.4 K for 4C and 5C discharge rates respectively which indicating the inadequacy of natural convection air cooling for high-powered electric vehicles. 4 mm thick layer of CBPCM reduced the average cell surface temperatures to 312.7 K and 314.8 K for 4C and 5C discharge rates, respectively, while the integration of fins further reduced the temperatures to 310.7 K and 311.5 K. This reduction is due to the enhanced latent heat absorption of CBPCM and improved thermal conductivity provided by the fins. Overall, CBPCM combined with fins proved to be a more effective thermal management strategy than natural convection air cooling and standalone CBPCM.</div></div>
Reza Erlangga, Dessy Agustina Sari, Aulia Wahyuningtyas
SINERGI · 2025
Lead ion (Pb2+) contamination from battery industry wastewater affects significant environmental and health risks. This study explored the use of H3PO4-activated water hyacinth (WH) bio-adsorbent as an effective solution for removing Pb2+. The WH bio-adsorbent was prepared by activating dried water hyacinth stems with 1.2 M H3PO4, enhancing adsorption properties. SEM-EDX analysis revealed significant morphological changes, with increased porosity and oxygen-containing functional groups (O-H, C-O-P), which improved adsorption capacity. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.99981), indicating that chemisorption dominated the Pb2+ removal process. Adsorption isotherms firmly fit the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.96), confirming monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The effect of pH was also investigated, with maximum adsorption efficiency (96.928%) observed at pH 7. FTIR analysis showed changes in functional groups before and after adsorption, confirming the ion exchange mechanism between Pb2+ and the activated bio-adsorbent. The findings suggest that H3PO4 activation increases the surface area and raises the chemical activity of WH, providing new insights into the dual mechanism of physical and chemical modifications for lead removal. This study addresses a critical gap in optimizing adsorbents for heavy metal removal, demonstrating the potential of H3PO4-activated WH for industrial wastewater treatment.
Senthilkumar Baskar, Prabeer Barpanda
ECS Meeting Abstracts · 2017
Rechargeable metal-air batteries have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for sustainable energy storage in the near future due to its high energy density [1,2]. In such a context, Lithium-air battery with a very high theoretical energy density (5200 Wh kg -1 ) received some very first attentions, but researchers soon realized that low Li abundance on Earth, poor cyclic stability and high operation overpotential make them not only high costs but also unrealistic in practical applications. More recently, Sodium-air batteries (Na-air) have risen as an effective alternate to Li-air batteries, given the facts that Na-air batteries are much safer and low cost. Na-air battery has several other advantages including low overpotential and high power density, arising from much higher ionic conductivity of Na-ion based solid electrolyte (e.g. Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 ) and high solubility of discharge generated product (i.e. NaOH rather than LiOH) [3,4]. Based on cell design and electrolyte type, Na-air batteries can be classified into two major types: Non-aqueous and Aqueous (or) hybrid batteries [5]. Recent studies have shown that aqueous Na-air batteries hold some edges over non-aqueous systems, including low operation overpotential, higher rate capability, improved energy efficiency, and higher power density. Bifunctional catalysts are prominent to attain high capacity, maximum energy efficiency and long cycle-life for aqueous rechargeable Na-air batteries [6,7]. In this work, we report the synthesis of bifunctional noble metal free, highly porous N-doped graphitic carbon from bio-waste. The highly porous carbon showed higher specific surface area of 994 m 2 g -1 . Electrocatalytic property of the carbon based material was evaluated using linear sweep voltammetry with rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE). The N-doped graphitic carbon nanostructures showed better oxygen evolution activity compared to Pt/C catalyst. Highly porous N-doped graphitic carbon was investigated as a potential electrocatalyst for rechargeable hybrid Na-air battery for the first time. The fabricated hybrid Na-air battery with the N-doped graphitic carbon catalyst as air-cathode delivered low overpotential and its round trip energy efficiency reached above ~85 %. The hybrid Na-air battery exhibited stable cycle performance up to 20 cycles. Acknowledgement Author B.S. gratefully acknowledges the DST (SERB), New Delhi, India (PDF/2015/00217) for providing Fellowship. References [1] B. Dunn et al., Science 334(2011)928-935. [2] J. Zhang et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 10(2015)444-452. [3] S. K. Das et al., J. Mater. Chem. A2(2014)12623-12629. [4] P. G. Bruce et al., Nat. Mater., 11(2012)19-29. [5] K. Hayashi et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(2013)A1467-A1472. [6] J-K. Kim et.al., NPG Asia Materials, 6(2014)e144. [7] B. Senthilkumar et al., J. Power Sources, 311(2016)29-34.
Saeid Bashash, Hosam K. Fathy
Volume 1: Aerial Vehicles; Aerospace Control; Alternative Energy; Automotive Control Systems; Battery Systems; Beams and Flexible Structures; Biologically-Inspired Control and its Applications; Bio-Medical and Bio-Mechanical Systems; Biomedical Robots and Rehab; Bipeds and Locomotion; Control Design Methods for Adv. Powertrain Systems and Components; Control of Adv. Combustion Engines, Building Energy Systems, Mechanical Systems; Control, Monitoring, and Energy Harvesting of Vibratory Systems · 2013
In this effort, we use the generalized Polynomial Chaos theory (gPC) for the real-time state and parameter estimation of electrochemical batteries. We use an equivalent circuit battery model, comprising two states and five parameters, and formulate the online parameter estimation problem using battery current and voltage measurements. Using a combination of the conventional recursive gradient-based search algorithm and gPC framework, we propose a novel battery parameter estimation strategy capable of estimating both battery state-of-charge (SOC) and parameters related to battery health, e.g., battery charge capacity, internal resistance, and relaxation time constant. Using a combination of experimental tests and numerical simulations, we examine and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed battery estimation method.
Dr. Shailendra Kumar Srivastava
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · 2021
Abstract: An electrical signal can induce a biological reaction; the reverse in is also true in most of the cases and in this way biological processes can be used to generate electricity for powering electrical equipment. Even though the Bio fuel cells have been known for almost a century since the first microbial BFC(Bio fuel cells) was demonstrated in 1912,the first enzyme-based bio-fuel cell was reported only in 1964 using glucose oxidize (GOx) as the anodic catalyst and glucose as the bio-fuel. a type of battery that uses energy sources such as carbohydrates, amino acids and enzymes from a variety of sources. anode consists of sugar-digesting enzymes and mediator, and the cathode composes of oxygen reducing enzymes and mediator. The mediators in this case are Vitamin K3 for the anode and potassium ferricyanide for the cathode. When sugar is added to the mixture, the anode garners the electrons and hydrogen ions. When the battery generates power, the protons travel to the cathode through the electrolyte to combine with the oxygen to produce water. Since the biocatalysts (enzymes) are very selective catalytically, the miniaturized bio-fuel cell could in principle be fabricated as a membrane-less fuel cell. Keywords: Bio-fuel Cells, Biocatalyst, Glucose Oxides, Enzymes.
Markus Binder, Dominic Bresser
ECS Meeting Abstracts · 2025
Lithium-ion batteries have enabled the transition from gasoline-powered vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) and the increase in EV sales has risen almost exponentially in the past few years. This impressive success, however, raises also an increasing awareness of sustainability issues – not least with regard to critical elements such as cobalt, commonly comprised in the positive electrode active material, and the use of toxic and harmful solvents for the (positive) electrode preparation. [1–3] Cobalt-free and manganese-rich LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 (LNMO) would provide a viable solution to overcome these issues, especially in combination with the utilization of water-soluble, bio-derived polymers as binders, but the pronounced water-sensitivity and high de-/lithiation potential of LNMO are still hampering the commercial breakthrough. [3–5] Apparently, the key towards overcoming these issues relies on the stabilization of the LNMO|water and LNMO|electrolyte interface, while also the realization of high active material mass loading electrodes provides a great challenge towards the commercialization of such binders. Herein, a comprehensive overview of our activities in this field will be provided, focusing on (i) an in-depth understanding of the processes occurring at the interface with the LNMO particles, (ii) the development of suitable active material and electrode treatments prior to the cell assembly, and (iii) the tailored design of suitable binder compositions that allow for suitable mechanical properties and stable long-term cycling of commercially relevant sized electrodes – in half-cells and graphite║LNMO full-cells. References [1] E. A. Olivetti, G. Ceder, G. G. Gaustad, X. Fu, Joule 2017 , 1 , 229. [2] C. Vaalma, D. Buchholz, M. Weil, S. Passerini, Nature Reviews Materials 2018 , 3 , 18013. [3] D. Bresser, D. Buchholz, A. Moretti, A. Varzi, S. Passerini, Energy Environ. Sci. 2018 , 11 , 3096. [4] B. Aktekin, M. J. Lacey, T. Nordh, R. Younesi, C. Tengstedt, W. Zipprich, D. Brandell, K. Edström, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2018 , 122 , 11234. [5] M. Wentker, M. Greenwood, J. Leker, Energies 2019 , 12 , 504.
Himanshi Jangir, Mainak Das
Research Square · 2022
Abstract Water vapor increases the electrical conductivity of silk cocoons, human hair, jute, and corn silk. This phenomenon is unclear. In the present study, XPS analysis of cocoons showed that water vapor reduces the surface presence of low-energy carbon species (C-C, C-H). In contrast, electron-dense, high-energy carbon species (C-N, C = C, C = O) remained unchanged, possibly enhancing surface charge hopping. While water vapor improves the conduction, the deficiency of charge carrier diminishes the effect. We increase the charge carrier by soaking the cocoon in an aqueous solution of common salt (NaCl) to amplify the current. Salt treatment followed by two-minute exposure to water vapor results in a sharp upward spike in the current (3.6 ± 1.07 mA, n = 12; mean ± SE) from the baseline (0.06 ± 0.02 mA, n = 12). After one hour, it maintains an average value of 0.39 ± 0.12, n = 12) ampere, indicating an upward shift in the baseline. Every time the cocoon charges with water vapor, the next charging cycle initiates after the cocoon dries up. Inspired by the cocoon ecology, we demonstrate an alternating 'water vapor- dry air' cycle for rapid charging and discharging of the cocoon battery. Finally, we designed a prototype of a self-lighting kettle and water-vapor panels for futuristic homes using a 'brine-silk cocoon protein bio-battery,' where moist waste heat generates electricity.
Mark A Allen, Scott J. Riley, Evgenia Barannikova et al.
ECS Meeting Abstracts · 2015
Nature has a diverse toolkit that can be utilized to address a broad array of important chemistry related problems. These tools include DNA, lipids, polysaccharides, and proteins, each of which have been used for direct applications from sensors to electronics. Proteins represent nature’s most diverse polymer with a range of functionality determined by 20 naturally encoded amino acids. The structure and chemical functionality of each amino acid determine the properties of the polypeptide that they compose. In this presentation I will discuss the use of biomolecules in order to self-organize flexible electrodes for lithium ion batteries. The focus of my group is to identify functional polypeptides for the purpose of improving technologically relevant materials. Our lab uses a technique called phage display in order to identify solid binding polypeptides that are specific for binding to and the mineralization of electroactive materials and use these materials to prepare new lithium ion batteries. Peptides that are identified are then genetically combined with other polypeptides in order to generate multi-functional polypeptides that can then be used to lash together myriad materials into a hierarchically assembled structure. This current work focuses on making these materials more flexible through the addition of bio-molecules.
Mohammed A. Hussein, Alaa A. Alsaffa
BIO Web of Conferences · 2024
In recent years, battery models have become increasingly crucial, particularly with the surge in electric vehicle usage within the transportation sector. Accurate models are essential for assessing battery performance and devising effective battery management systems. Various modeling approaches exist in literature, each carrying its own set of advantages and drawbacks. Typically, more intricate models offer precise results but demand greater computational resources and entail time-consuming, costly laboratory tests for parameter determination. Hence, for first stage assessments and battery managing system designs, models employing simpler parameter documentation procedures are the most viable and suitable options. The presence of a precise battery model within a simulation platform holds immense significance in crafting efficient battery-powered systems. Absolutely! The lithium-ion battery model is a standout option owing to its potential as an energy storage system, particularly for renewable technology applications. This is largely due to its remarkable power compactness and energy storage capabilities.
Mahrine Rashid, Iftilkhar Ahmad, Ashique Muhammad et al.
International Journal of Biological Research · 2020
Research was conducted to quantify the level of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contamination in battery industry effluent and to assess the remediation potential of three invasive aquatic macrophytes Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Hydrocotyle umbellata by growing on industrial effluent collected from Lead acid Battery industry.The effluent was heavily contaminated with Pb (10mg/l) and sulphuric acid (pH 2- 2.1). Due to high Pb concentrations and low pH (2-2.2) the plants were unable to survive. Mortality rate of E. crassipes was 96 % while P. stratiotes and H. umbellata were 100% rotten. The experiment was repeated after adjusting the effluent pH to 7-7.5 to increase the plant life.Plant parts and wastewater samples were analyzed after every 3 days interval uptil 21st day. The amount of Cr, Cd and Cu in the effluent was 0.076 mg /L, 0.036 mg /L and 0.097 mg /L, which was in permissible limits of NEQs (1.0 mg/l, 0.1 mg/l and 1.0 mg/l) respectively. Pb was found 10 times higher i.e. 10 mg/l than the permissible limit 0.5 mg/l. E. crassipes removed Pb>Cr>Cu>Cd while P. stratiotes and H. umbellata reduced Cd, Cr, Cu more than Pb from the effluent. E. crassipes was most efficient Pb removing plant in 21 days of experiment. Â
Atefeh Shafaat
· 2023
Development of wireless sensors and biosensors is currently experiencing a rapid progress with a substantial focus directed toward highlighting their potential applications as non-invasive wearables, implants, and highly mobile point-of-care devices. Integration of wireless biosensors into the Internet of Things (IoT) is widely acknowledged as a technological advancement with the potential to significantly change daily life. To maximize this potential, simple integration of biosensors with wireless communication elements would be advantageous. In this regard, systems functioning in chipless, and battery-less modes outperform integrated circuit (IC) based and battery-powered wireless biosensors. Nevertheless, the accessibility of these wireless designs is still limited. In this study, we present a novel approach where incorporating silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) as a part of the radio frequency (RF) tag antenna enables the realization of simple, chipless, and battery-less wireless sensing of biological oxidation and reduction reactions. We exemplified the mechanism of operation in such systems by electronic wiring of enzymes through direct electron transfer (DET) and microorganisms through mediated electron transfer (MET) to the redox conversion of Ag/AgCl. The wiring was designed to facilitate the transformation of metallic AgNPs into AgCl (Ag → AgCl) or the conversion of AgCl particles back into metallic AgNPs (AgCl → Ag) when the enzymatic/microorganism based electron transfer reactions were present. These reactions occurring on the biosensor RF tag antenna strongly changed the impedance of the tag, which was wirelessly monitored by a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader. The functionality of the proposed setup in direct electron transfer coupling of the enzymatic reactions to the redox conversion of the Ag/AgCl was demonstrated by wireless detection of glucose in whole blood samples and hydrogen peroxide penetrated through the skin membrane using the enzymes glucose dehydrogenase(GDH) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Additionally, the capability of the proposed configuration in mediated electron transfer wiring of microorganisms to the Ag/AgCl electrochemistry was shown by wireless monitoring of medically relevant microbial biofilms in simulated wound fluid. Generalizing, the results of this work, for the first time, demonstrated that exploiting Ag/AgCl as a part of the tag antenna allows simple, chipless, and battery-less wireless sensing of biological oxidation and reduction reactions.
· 2017
<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This SAE RP provides a set of test methods and practices for the characterization of the properties of Li-battery cathode active material.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">It is not within the scope of this document to establish criteria for the test results, as these are usually established between the vendor and customer.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">It is not within the scope of this document to examine the rheological properties of the cathode material in slurry since such properties are influenced by the conductive additive and the solid loading, which are determined through discussion between the manufacturer and user.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">It is not within the scope of this document to examine the electrochemical properties of cathode materials since these are influenced by electrode design. The committee considers that it is impossible to establish an electrode design that would be appropriate for all cathode active materials.</div></div>
· 2021
<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This SAE Recommended Practice provides a set of test methods for characterizing lithium-ion battery electrolytes. These test methods are applicable to existing electrolyte materials and allow different facilities to conduct testing in a common manner.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Solid electrolytes are expected to be commercially used for large scale batteries in the future. However, characterizing solid electrolytes may require methods different from those contained in this document. Such methods are not addressed in this document.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">It is not within the scope of this document to establish acceptance criteria for test results, as this is usually established between the vendor and customer. It is also not within the scope of this document to examine the electrochemical properties of an electrolyte, since these are influenced by electrolyte composition. In addition, establishing an electrolyte composition appropriate for all applications is not feasible.</div></div>
Xiaobo Jing, Pavel Loskot, Jin Yu
Physical Biology · 2018
Abstract Transcription plays an essential role in gene expression. The transcription bursting in bacteria has been suggested to be regulated by positive supercoiling accumulation in front of a transcribing RNA polymerase (RNAP) together with gyrase binding on DNA to release the supercoiling. In this work, we study the supercoiling regulation in the case of a battery of RNAPs working together on DNA by constructing a multi-state quantitative model, which allows gradual and stepwise supercoiling accumulation and release in the RNAP transcription. We solved for transcription characteristics under the multi-state bursting model for a single RNAP transcription, and then simulated for a battery of RNAPs on DNA with T7 and Escherichia coli RNAP types of traffic, respectively, probing both the average and fluctuation impacts of the supercoiling regulation. Our studies show that due to the supercoiling accumulation and release, the number of RNAP molecules loaded onto the DNA vary significantly along time in the traffic condition. Though multiple RNAPs in transcription promote the mRNA production, they also enhance the supercoiling accumulation to suppress the production. In particular, the fluctuations of the mRNA transcripts become highly pronounced for a battery of RNAPs transcribing together under the supercoiling regulation, especially for a long process of transcription elongation. In such an elongation process, though a single RNAP can work at a high duty ratio, multiple RNAPs are hardly able to do so. Our multi-state model thus provides a systematical characterization of the quantitative features of the bacterial transcription bursting; it also supports improved physical examinations on top of this general modeling framework.
P. Lenz, R. Süssmuth, E. Seibel
Toxicity Assessment · 1989
Abstract The toxicity of some mycotoxins, lactones and dicarboxylic anhydrides, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides can be detected by means of bacterial assays. In addition, the order of magnitude of the toxicity can also be evaluated. Fifty‐eight chemicals as well as extracts of peanuts, apple juices, and grains have been investigated in a test battery of three different kinds of assays. In cup plate diffusion assays a minimal amount of approximately 0. 1 mg/mL of mycotoxin may be detected by means of growth inhibition assays with Bacillus thuringiensis on one hand, and pigment synthesis inhibition assays with mutants of Serratia marcescens on the other hand. Swarming inhibition assays with the motile strains Azospirillum brasilense and Proteus mirabilis show the same sensitivity. Comparisons of our test battery with other bioassays, as well as with mammalian toxicity tests (LD 50 values), reveal correlations between these kinds of assays in regard to the test substances.
Azhar M Haleem, Ruaa H Abass, Israa M Haleem
International Journal of Advanced Chemistry · 2021
Paper bacterial battery (PBB) is a sustainable source of bioenergy derivate from bacterial activities, paper bacterial battery or microbial fuel cell has unique features like biodegradable, cost- affordable, energy- effectiveness, and environmental sounds beside of complete control by produced energy by increasing the number of folds and can made it in shapes and sizes appropriate for all use and type of devices, which is characterized by high flexibility and wide uses. The current study described in detail the fabrication steps of a simply biodegradable paper battery that mainly composed of a substrate of cellulose, Poly (amic) acid (PAA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as reducing and stabilizing agent, immobilization matrix, for bacterial cells stability, this degradable network provides oxygen-blocking and proton exchange membrane (PEM). The fabricated bacterial battery gave power of 3.5 µW/cm2 and a current quantity of 127 µA/cm2, this generated power can be enhancement by more folding or compacting of the fabricated paper-polymer unit. Â
Aqiang Wu, Mingxing Wang, Yaming Pang et al.
Battery Energy · 2025
ABSTRACT Bacterial cellulose (BC) as a natural polymer possessing ultrafine nanofibrous network and high crystallinity, leading to its remarkable tensile strength, moisture retention and natural degradability. In this study, we revealed that this BC membrane has excellent affinity to organic electrolyte, high ionic conductivity and inherent ion selectivity as well. Due to its ability of migrating lithium ions and suppressing the shuttling of anions across the membranes, it is deemed as available model for iodide‐assisted lithium‐oxygen batteries (LOBs). The cycle life of the LOBs significantly extends from 74 rounds to 341 rounds at 1.0 A g −1 with a fixed capacity of 1000 mAh g −1 , when replacing glass fiber (GF) by BC membrane. More importantly, the rate performance improves significantly from 42 to 36 cycles to 215 and 116 cycles after equipping with the BC membrane at 3.0 and 5.0 A g −1 . Surprisingly, the full discharge capacity dramatically enhanced by ca. eight times from 4,163 mAh g −1 (GF) to 32,310 mAh g −1 (BC). Benefited from the convenient biosynthesis, cost‐effectiveness and high chemical‐thermal stability, these qualities of the BC membrane accelerate the development and make it more viable for application in advancing next‐generation environmentally friendly LOBs technology with high energy density.
A. Pancharoen, S. Poomjan, T. Taengtang et al.
Advanced Materials Research · 2014
In this research, we present a fabrication of an electric generation experimental kit which is comprised of pineapple peel residue from agricultural industries. Juice from squeezing pineapple peel was used as electrolyte of a galvanic cell. Sufficient acidity of the juice could activate electrochemical reaction in the galvanic cell kit using a zinc plate and copper plate as electrodes. During the experiment, adjustable distances between the two electrodes were controlled to obtain maximum output voltage. It has been already known that a galvanic cell with a lower distance between electrodes could provide higher output voltage but both electrodes could not touch each other. Experimental results from controlling distances between the 2 electrodes showed that the galvanic cell kit could provide high output voltage of 1.00 V which was able to apply in electronic devices.
David C. Miller, Kenneth A. Gall, Conrad R. Stoldt
Microelectromechanical Systems · 2004
The addition of a noble metallization layer to doped polysilicon results in the formation of a galvanic cell when the composite is submerged in aqueous hydrofluoric acid. A corrosion current created by the galvanic cell promotes the electrochemical etching of silicon in contact with the acidic solution. Here, we demonstrate the galvanic corrosion of phosphorus-doped polysilicon when a gold metallization layer is used. As a consequence of galvanic corrosion, a number of significant changes to the polysilicon structural layers are observed including a finite polysilicon etch rate, an increase in electrical resistance (both ohmic and non-ohmic), a change in curvature (i.e. mechanical shape), and a decrease in mechanical resonant frequency. The observed change in electrical and mechanical performance on micromechanical structures necessitates more careful consideration of the post-processing procedures, as well as the choice of device metallization layer. The physical impact of corrosion becomes even more significant as device scale is decreased.
Qiang Ding, Chao Ye
Microbial Cell Factories · 2023
Abstract Background Advanced DNA synthesis, biosensor assembly, and genetic circuit development in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have reinforced the application of filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi as promising chassis cells for chemical production, but their industrial application remains a major challenge that needs to be solved. Results As important chassis strains, filamentous microorganisms can synthesize important enzymes, chemicals, and niche pharmaceutical products through microbial fermentation. With the aid of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi can be developed into efficient microbial cell factories through genome engineering, pathway engineering, tolerance engineering, and microbial engineering. Mutant screening and metabolic engineering can be used in filamentous bacteria, filamentous yeasts ( Candida glabrata, Candida utilis ), and filamentous fungi ( Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp.) to greatly increase their capacity for chemical production. This review highlights the potential of using biotechnology to further develop filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi as alternative chassis strains. Conclusions In this review, we recapitulate the recent progress in the application of filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi as microbial cell factories. Furthermore, emphasis on metabolic engineering strategies involved in cellular tolerance, metabolic engineering, and screening are discussed. Finally, we offer an outlook on advanced techniques for the engineering of filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi.
Robert Baboian
Galvanic and Pitting Corrosion—Field and Laboratory Studies · 1976
The various electrochemical techniques for predicting galvanic corrosion behavior of metals are described. Each method is evaluated on the basis of practicality using specific galvanic couples as examples. The paper describes some serious shortcomings of the existing techniques and warns of the dangers of their improper use.
A.G. Volkov, N.Zh. Dikopova, V.M. Grinin et al.
Stomatology · 2025
The objective of this work is to study the effectiveness of a method for determining the activity of a galvanic cell in the absence and presence of galvanic syndrome and diseases of the oral mucosa, the development of which may be associated with the irritating effect of direct electric current. Material and methods. Three groups of 50 patients were examined. All patients had at least 2 metal structures in the oral cavity. The first group consisted of patients without diseases of the oral mucosa and the absence of complaints specific to galvanic syndrome. The second group included patients without signs of pathological changes in the oral mucosa but with complaints are specific to galvanic syndrome. The third group consisted of patients with diseases of oral mucosa, the development of which could be due to the irritating effect of direct electric current. The electrochemical potential of each metal structure was determined and the difference between the potential obtained was calculated to detect metal structures that could form a galvanic pair. To determine the activity of a galvanic cell formed by galvanic vapors, the hydrogen index of the gingival fluid in the area of these structures was determined. The results of the study. The difference in the electrochemical potentials of metal structures in the studied groups had no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) and amounted to: 129±24.7 mV in the first group, 138±35.3 mV in the second, 135±19.8 mV in the third. In the first group, 92% of patients had no significant difference in the hydrogen parameters of gingival fluid near pairs of metal structures (p>0.05). The hydrogen values were 6.6±0.26 at the cathode and 6.9±0.35 at the anode. In the second group, 88% of patients showed significant credible differences (p<0.05) in the hydrogen parameters of the gingival fluid near metal structures, at the cathode — 7.9±0.42, and at the anode — 6.3±0.31. In the third group, 86% of patients also showed a high difference in the hydrogen parameters of the gingival fluid near metal structures, at the cathode — 7.8±0.29, at the anode — 6.3±0.22 (p<0.05). Conclusion. A method for detecting the activity of a galvanic element in the oral cavity, which consists in measuring the hydrogen parameters of the gingival fluid near metal structures forming a galvanic pair, allows you to objectively assess whether the galvanic element is in a passive or active state. In the absence of galvanic syndrome and diseases of the oral mucosa, the detection rate of active galvanic cells was only 8%, wwhile in the presence of galvanic syndrome it was 88%, and in diseases of the oral mucosa it was 86%.
A. Mishra, M. Chhabra
Algal Systems for Resource Recovery from Waste and Wastewater · 2023
Abstract Biofuels from algae have the potential to completely replace fossil-based fuels and provide energy security for the future. However, the cost of algae biofuels is still too high for commercial application. In this context, producing algae and electrical energy using photosynthetic microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) is an attractive option. PMFCs utilize the natural process of photosynthesis for algae generation or algae degradation at the anode. In the former system, the process of organic matter degradation complements the process of algae biomass production with concomitant power generation. Electrogenic bacteria oxidize organic matter at the anode anaerobically. The anode transfers the electrons released through oxidation to the cathode, where photosynthetic organisms produce oxygen (O2) as a cathodic electron acceptor. The suitability of bio-electrochemical systems such as microbial fuel cells for algae cultivation can be assessed by comparing them with the conventional method of cultivation, namely open ponds and photobioreactors. PMFCs offer a process that can provide high carbon dioxide concentrations for algal growth, has a mechanism to prevent high inhibitory O2 concentrations and can meet a fraction of the process electricity requirements. The algae biomass can go as high as 4–5 g/L in a PMFC and power output doubles due to activity of algae at the cathode compartment. This chapter discusses the algal growth in bio-electrochemical systems, the factors that influence them and directions for future research.
Khalid Suleiman, Mutaib Aljulidan, Gamaleldin Hussein et al.
JMIRx Bio · 2024
Background The culture of immortal cell lines has become an indispensable tool in the field of modern biotechnology and has been used in the production of human and viral veterinary vaccines, therapeutic recombinant proteins, interferons, and monoclonal antibodies. Several approaches are used to immortalize cells in culture, such as transduction of cells with viral oncogenes, induced expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase, and spontaneous immortalization by serial passage of primary cell lines. Objective This study aimed to establish an immortal cell line by serial passage of fetal ovine heart cells that could be used to produce veterinary viral vaccines. Methods We serially passaged primary heart cells prepared from a fetal ovine heart till passage 140. We studied the events that led to the transformation and immortalization of the cell line under light and phase contrast microscopy. DNA samples of the cell line at passages 22 (before transformation) and 47 (after transformation) were genotyped according to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using the OvineSNP50 BeadChip (Illumina). We sequenced the cytochrome b gene, control region, and tRNA-Phe and 12S rRNA genes of the mitochondrial genome of the cell line at passages 26 and 59 by Sanger sequencing. The susceptibility of the cell line to sheep pox, Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), lumpy skin disease (LSD), Rift Valley fever (RVF), and camel pox viruses was investigated. Results We established a unique immortal cell line called fetal ovine heart–Saudi Arabia (FOH-SA) by serial passage of fetal ovine heart cells. We demonstrated that the transformation or immortalization of the cell line resulted from spontaneous cellular and nuclear fusion of 2 morphologically distinct cardiocytes at passage 29. Fused cells at passage 29 gave rise to progeny cells, which grew into multicellular filaments that persisted at passages 30, 31, and 32. Trypsinization of the filamentous multicellular growth at passage 32 gave an epithelial-type immortal heart cell line. SNP genotyping revealed 65% and 96% homozygosity in SNP genotypes of the cell line at passages 22 and 47, respectively. Partial sequencing of the mitochondrial genome of the cell line revealed mutational events in the control region and the tRNA-Phe and 12S rRNA genes of the mitochondrial genome of passage 59 cells. The cell line was found to be permissive to sheep pox, PPR, LSD, RVF, and camel pox viruses. Conclusions We established an immortal cell line by serial passage of primary fetal ovine heart cells, which was permissive to many animal viruses. It could be used in animal virus isolation, vaccine production, and biotechnology. The study reported spontaneous cell fusion of cardiocytes as a method of cell immortalization. The findings of this study might help address the mystery of how the VERO cell line evolved.
Saikumari N, Sudhakhar K S
Research Square · 2023
Abstract In recent days synthesis and structuring of intelligent nano materials investigated and reported has developed critical scientific ideas to the greater extent. The excellent thermal, optical and electrical properties along with its resistant to corrosion, wear, oxidation and erosion made it unique for sustainable environmental applications. Here nano structured Titanium di oxide particles synthesized from its precursor via template assisted sol-gel technique have been verified as corrosion inhibitor of brass alloy in acid medium along with its photo catalytic and anti-microbial applications. The physico-chemical parameters of the synthesized nano materials were studied using XRD, FT-IR, UV-DRS, SEM, TEM and BET analytical techniques and revealed the impact of tea leaf extract as a template in producing a nano catalyst NTG about 14 nm in size with tailored structural, optical and morphological characteristics. The rate of corrosion of a brass strip in acid medium is verified by weight loss method and the inhibitor efficiency increased with the increase in concentration of the nano catalyst. The catalytic activity is proved against the photo degradation of a toxic melamine, a trimer of cyanamide. The synthesized nano catalyst showed excellent antimicrobial properties proven against the growth of K. pneumonia and H. influenza.
Abhijit Biswas
Biotechnology Kiosk · 2021
The ongoing research in the sustainable energy sector has shown tremendous potential of microbes or electro-active biofilms (EABfs). These biofilms act as the important component of bioprocessing technologies that are based on bio-electrochemical systems (BESs). EABfs exhibit unique characteristics including redox reactions and resilience against otherwise harmful products that make BESs promising for important applications in energy recovery in the form of electricity or hydrogen or even production of fuels or chemicals from CO2. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of EABfs characteristics is considered essential for the optimization of BESs for practical applications. To this end, a wide range of characterization techniques based on electrochemical, visual and chemical methods have been employed for the analyses of EABfs. These techniques can provide very valuable and wide-ranging information about EABfs that include performance, morphology and biofilm composition. Especially, significant attention has been paid to developing non-destructive visual techniques for EABfs characterization. The goal is to obtain in-situ information of EABfs functioning for industrial-scale development of BESs. Visual techniques are considered extremely useful for EABfs monitoring studies that can complement the information obtained with other characterization techniques. In this perspective, we have provided a short overview of various visual characterization techniques that have been proposed to study EABfs for the optimization of BESs.
Das Sagnik, Palit Sukanchan
International Journal of pharma and Bio Sciences · 2021
Environmental engineering, environmental protection and chemical process engineering are today in the avenues of new scientific revelation and deep scientific regeneration. Industrial wastewater treatment and water purification stand in the midst of scientific introspection and scientific comprehension. Both conventional and non-conventional environmental engineering techniques are today the needs of the hour. Non-conventional environmental engineering techniques involve electrochemical treatments and advanced oxidation processes. This review investigates the application of electrochemical technologies for the treatment of industrial wastewater. In the article we have also depicted profoundly the immediate need and the immediate concerns of electrochemical treatments of industrial wastewater. The applications of nanotechnology are also delineated in minute details. The main objective of this article is to elucidate on electrochemical technologies, nanotechnology applications and non- conventional environmental protection methods. The present study deeply deals with various electrochemical technologies in the treatment of industrial wastewater. Various areas of nanomaterials and engineering nanomaterials applications in the treatment of water and wastewater are the other areas of deep scientific research pursuit. Heavy metal groundwater remediation and electrochemical treatments are also dealt with scientific vision and scientific ingenuity in this paper. Arsenic groundwater contamination is a disaster to human life on earth. The authors also stresses on these areas of scientific introspection.
Zahraa Zahraa A.kadhim, Ali H. Abbar
Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal · 2022
The kinetics of nickel removal from aqueous solutions using a bio-electrochemical reactor with a packed bed rotating cylinder cathode was investigated. The effects of applied voltage, initial nickel concentration, the rotation speed of the cathode, and pH on the reaction rate constant (k) were studied. The results showed that the cathodic deposition occurred under mass transfer control for all values of the applied voltage used in this research. Accordingly, the relationship between concentration and time can be represented by a first-order equation. The rate constant was found to be dependent on the applied voltage, initial nickel concentration, pH, and rotation speed. It was increased as the applied voltage increased and decreased as the initial concentration increased. Its relation to the applied voltage can be fitted as follows: where ko =0.01695 min-1 and -β=0.431. pH and rotation speed have two dissimilar effects on the rate constant. Increasing the pH from 3-6 leads to an increase in the rate constant, while a decrease in the rate constant beyond pH=6 has occurred. Increasing the rotation from 100 to 300 rpm results in an increase in the rate constant. However, the rate constant decreases significantly beyond a rotation speed of 300 rpm.
Tanneru Hemanth Kumar, M.P Resmi Suresh, Aravind Vyas Ramanan et al.
ECS Meeting Abstracts · 2015
Micro photosynthetic cell (µPSC) is an electrochemical device, which generates electricity, by harnessing the electrons from photosynthesis and respiration processes of the photoautotrophs. Till date, focus has been mostly on experimental aspects of and very little work has been pursued on the development of mathematical models for µPSC. Modeling a system like µPSC is complex due to the fact that the device operation depends on interactions of microorganisms with several operational parameters such as light intensity, quantum yield and so on. Further, the electrode structure and the electrochemical interactions at the surface of the electrodes affect the device performance. Modeling of µPSC could help in understanding the performance limiting step(s) in the series of processes that occur during the operation of device. The performance of the device can be improved by focusing on the rate of limiting steps. Modeling could also help in determining optimal design and operational parameters which can maximize the device performance. A simple mathematical model based on first principles is proposed to predict the performance of the µPSC. Sensitivity analysis is performed to obtain the most sensitive rate parameters of the model. The optimal values of sensitive rate constants are obtained from the experimental data through optimization. The developed model is validated by comparing the predictions of the model with the experimental data obtained from the response of the system to step changes in load. Figures 1 and 2 show the model performance in terms of i-V characteristics and comparison of experimental and estimated voltage profiles for step changes in external loads. Keywords:, First principles model, Parameter estimation, and Optimization and Sensitivity analysis. Figure 1
Hengyue Xu, Lan Ma
ChemRxiv · 2022
Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide promises next-level paradigm shifts in sustainability. Applications will include breakthrough solutions to global crisis threatening our civilization, including energy, food, and climate change. Here, inspired by CO dehydrogenase II from Carboxyothermus hydrogenoformans, we designed a heterogeneous Fe4S4 single-cluster catalyst Ni100-Fe4S4, achieving high performance CO2 electroreduction. Combined with the experimental data and theoretical calculation, Ni100-Fe4S4 and CO dehydrogenase have highly similar catalytic geometric centers and CO2 binding modes. By exploring the origin of catalytic activity of this biomimetic structure, we found the activation of CO2 by Ni100-Fe4S4 theoretically exceeds that of natural CO dehydrogenase. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the dehydrogenase enzyme-liked Fe-Ni active site as an electron enrichment 'electro-bridge', activating CO2 molecules efficiently and stabilizing various intermediates in multistep elementary reactions to produce CH4 in a low overpotential (0.13eV) selectively. The calculated electroreduction pathway can completely consistent with the nickel-based catalytic materials reported in the current experiments. This work demonstrates that it is efficient and feasible to design biomimetic high-performance catalytic materials by using blueprints provide by nature. Combining ideas from modern catalyst design with bio-inspired strategies will lead our catalysts beyond its current limitations.
Vellaichamy Balakumar, Parveen Kumar
Materials Research Foundations · 2021
The bio-mediated nanomaterials have expected growing responsiveness due to an increasing requirement to develop naturally nonthreatening technologies in nanomaterial synthesis. Biotic ways to prepare nanomaterials through extracts from the plant (includes stems, leaves, flowers, and roots) and microorganisms were recommended as likely replacements for physical and chemical routes due to their solvent medium and environment eco-friendliness and nontoxicity. This chapter focuses on electrocatalyst prepared by various bio-mediated synthetic ways and used as a green and eco-friendly electrocatalyst to recognize extensive chemical and biologically essential molecules with improved selectivity and sensitivity with low detection limit. The bio-mediated nanocomposite formation processes and their unique properties surface functionalization and electron transfer mechanism discussed in connection with the design and fabrication of sensors. As a final point, the encounters and prospects in developing bio-mediated nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensing technology was outlined.
Mansi Gandhi
Electrochem · 2024
Electrochemistry is a hotspot in today’s research arena. Many different domains have been extended for their role towards the Internet of Things, digital health, personalized nutrition, and/or wellness using electrochemistry. These advances have led to a substantial increase in the power and popularity of electroanalysis and its expansion into new phases and environments. The recent COVID-19 pandemic, which turned our lives upside down, has helped us to understand the need for miniaturized electrochemical diagnostic platforms. It also accelerated the role of mobile and wearable, implantable sensors as telehealth systems. The major principle behind these platforms is the role of electrochemical immunoassays, which help in overshadowing the classical gold standard methods (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) in terms of accuracy, time, manpower, and, most importantly, economics. Many research groups have endeavoured to use electrochemical and bio-electrochemical tools to overcome the limitations of classical assays (in terms of accuracy, accessibility, portability, and response time). This review mainly focuses on the electrochemical technologies used for immunosensing platforms, their fabrication requirements, mechanistic objectives, electrochemical techniques involved, and their subsequent output signal amplifications using a tagged and non-tagged system. The combination of various techniques (optical spectroscopy, Raman scattering, column chromatography, HPLC, and X-ray diffraction) has enabled the construction of high-performance electrodes. Later in the review, these combinations and their utilization will be explained in terms of their mechanistic platform along with chemical bonding and their role in signal output in the later part of article. Furthermore, the market study in terms of real prototypes will be elaborately discussed.
Rory Doherty, Panagiotis Kirmizakis, Mark Cunningham et al.
· 2024
This study introduces a straightforward and cost-effective Bio-Electrochemical System (BES) design that can be easily retrofitted into a borehole. The design uses standard bailers and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) to create electrodes. These electrodes are connected across redox environments in nested boreholes. The electrodes were installed in pre-existing boreholes surrounding a groundwater plume at a gasworks site. The BES at the plume fringe had the highest electrical response and showed variations in the bacterial and archaeal taxa between the anode and cathode electrodes. The other BES configurations in the plume center and uncontaminated groundwater showed little to no electrical response, suggesting minimal microbial activity. This approach enables rapid decision-making to effectively monitor degradation at groundwater plumes.