Will Gorman, G. Barbose, J. Carvallo et al.

• 2022

The study estimates the performance of behind-the-meter solar PV-plus-energy-storage-systems (PVESS) in providing critical-load or whole-building backup across a wide range of geographies, building types, and power interruption conditions. The study also considers a set of 10 historical long-duration power outage events and evaluates how PVESS could have performed in providing backup power during those specific events. The analysis is the first in what will be a series of studies by Berkeley Lab, in collaboration with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, on the use of PVESS for backup power. This initial study is intended to provide a baseline set of performance estimates and to illustrate key performance drivers. This narrative summary provides a high-level overview of the analysis approach, key findings, and opportunities for future work. For further details, please refer to the full report.

Zhiwen Ma, Josh Eichman, Jennifer Kurtz

ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability • 2018

<jats:p>This paper presents the feasibility and economics of using fuel cell backup power systems in telecommunication cell towers to provide grid services (e.g., ancillary services, demand response). The fuel cells are able to provide power for the cell tower during emergency conditions. This study evaluates the strategic integration of clean, efficient, and reliable fuel cell systems with the grid for improved economic benefits. The backup systems have potential as enhanced capability through information exchanges with the power grid to add value as grid services that depend on location and time. The economic analysis has been focused on the potential revenue for distributed telecommunications fuel cell backup units to provide value-added power supply. This paper shows case studies on current fuel cell backup power locations and regional grid service programs. The grid service benefits and system configurations for different operation modes provide opportunities for expanding backup fuel cell applications responsive to grid needs.</jats:p> <jats:p>The objective of this work primarily focuses on how fuel cells can become a significant part of the telecom backup power to reduce system costs, environmental impact, and dependence on fossil fuels, while ensuring continuity of indispensable service for mobile users. The study identifies the approaches on the fuel cell application through nano/microgrids for an extensive network of fuel cells as distributed energy resources. The possibilities of various application scenarios extend the fuel cell technologies and microgrid for reliable power supply.</jats:p>

, Ganna Kostenko

System Research in Energy • 0

<jats:p>In emergency situations, ensuring reliable backup power sources for the power system is critically important for maintaining the stability and uninterrupted operation of energy infrastructure. The challenges posed by wartime conditions and the growing vulnerability of energy infrastructure, particularly HVsubstations, demand innovative approaches that combine economic efficiency, technical reliability, and environmental sustainability. The aim of this study is to develop comprehensive solutions for providing reliable and sustainable backup power to Ukraine's HVsubstations, addressing contemporary challenges in energy security and environmental resilience. The paper examines the potential of second-life electric vehicle (EV) batteries as a promising alternative to traditional solutions, such as diesel generators. The use of second-life batteries offers a novel approach that meets modern requirements for energy efficiency and sustainable development. The clustering methodology employed in the study enables the optimization of resource allocation among substations, considering factors such as load levels, outage frequency, and required reserve capacity. This approach ensures tailored solutions for the specific operational needs of each cluster, enhancing resource utilization efficiency. The study includes a detailed evaluation of the economic, technical, and environmental characteristics of various solutions, including diesel generators, new batteries, and second-life batteries, both independently and in combination with renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic modules. The results demonstrate that second-life batteries, particularly when integrated with renewable energy sources, offer substantial advantages, including cost reductions, decreased CO₂ emissions, and enhanced energy resilience. The proposed recommendations for implementing second-life batteries are supported by a comprehensive analysis of legislative, technical, and economic aspects. This study provides a roadmap for integrating second-life EV batteries as a sustainable and scalable solution to strengthen energy security, facilitate the transition to a low-carbon economy, and enhance the resilience of Ukraine's power system. Keywords: second-life batteries integration, backup power, resilience, HV substations, clustering methodology, sustainable development.</jats:p>

Subholagno Mitra, Anil C. Mahato, Abhijit Nag et al.

Energy Storage • 2022

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Intermittency characteristic of renewable energy sources can be resolved using an energy storage technology. The function of the energy storage system is to store the excess energy that is produced from various renewable energy sources during the off‐peak hours and releases the same energy during the peak hours. The energy that is produced from the renewable energy sources can be stored in different forms such as<jats:italic>Mechanical, Electrical, Electrochemical, Thermal, Chemical energy</jats:italic>etc. Among all these forms of stored energy, a CAES technology under the<jats:italic>Mechanical</jats:italic>form of energy is the most cost effective for the bulk energy storage purpose. It involves a combined operation of various components such as Compressor/Expander, Gas turbine, combustion chambers, heat exchangers, generator unit, and underground compressed air storage. This article focuses to review the detail of various CAES systems such as D‐CAES, A‐CAES, I‐CAES etc. Additionally, it presents various technologies that are used to improve the energy efficiency and applicability of the CAES system. It is found that a maximum RTE of the C‐CAES, A‐CAES, and I‐CAES are 54%, 71%, and 80%, respectively. In addition, the RTE of the modified CAES systems such as LP‐CAES, PH‐CAES, and SC‐CAES are about 90%, 80%, and 60 to 80%, respectively.</jats:p>

Osamah Siddiqui, Ibrahim Dincer

Energy Storage • 2020

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>In the present study, a new ammonia‐based system is developed and investigated as an energy storage option. In this regard, an environmentally benign cyclic synthesis and usage of ammonia is proposed. The proton exchange membrane‐based electrolysis is used for hydrogen generation with cyclic water usage and production. A direct ammonia fuel cell is employed for power generation. The performance of the developed system is investigated through both energetic and exergetic analyses. In addition, different phases of charging and discharging are considered during the energy storage operation. Furthermore, several parametric investigations are conducted to study the effects of changing operating conditions. The energy efficiency of the charging phase is found to be 41.1% and the exergy efficiency is evaluated to be 43.7%. Moreover, the energetic efficiency of the discharging phase is 78.1% while the exergetic efficiency is 73.4%. The overall efficiency of the system considering both charging and discharging phases is evaluated as 32.1%.</jats:p>

Nasrullah Khan, Saad Dilshad, Rashida Khalid et al.

Energy Storage • 2019

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Energy storage and transportation are essential keys to make sure the continuity of energy to the customer. Electric power generation is changing dramatically across the world due to the environmental effects of Greenhouse gases (GHG) produced by fossil fuels. The unpredictable daily and seasonal variations in demand for electrical energy can be tackled by introducing the energy storage systems (ESSs) and hence mitigating the extra GHG emission in the atmosphere. Energy storage techniques can be mechanical, electro‐chemical, chemical, or thermal, and so on. The most popular form of energy storage is hydraulic power plants by using pumped storage and in the form of stored fuel for thermal power plants. The classification of ESSs, their current status, flaws and present trends, are presented in this article. The present state of fossil fuel reserves, their production, consumption, and as a consequence of these the CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>emissions are also discussed. The primary energy carriers coal, oil and gas are not evenly distributed along the globe. Long distances are involved in transporting these energy carriers and transportation and delivery of these key resources to the prime customers is always necessary. The different methods to transport the energy from the source end to demand end is also discussed in this article. The assessment of various energy storage methods on the basis of several factors and present status and development of storage and transportation of energy in Pakistan is discussed.</jats:p>

Alberto Boretti

Energy Storage • 2023

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>This work aims to review battery‐energy‐storage (BES) to understand whether, given the present and near future limitations, the best approach should be the promotion of multiple technologies, namely support of battery‐electric‐vehicles (BEVs), hybrid thermal electric vehicles (HTEVs), and hydrogen fuel‐cell‐electric‐vehicles (FCEVs), rather than BEVs alone. While battery technologies have dramatically improved especially in the last 25 years, the dismissal of internal‐combustion‐engine‐vehicles (ICEVs) in favor of BEVs has only been the result of an environmental constraint rather than a techno‐economical advantage. BEVs still suffer from techno‐economic disadvantages vs ICEVs and are also less environmentally friendly on a cradle‐to‐grave life‐cycle‐analysis (LCA) than HTEVs which are using hydrocarbon fuels. Simplified plug‐in series HTEVs fitted with a slightly larger battery can work electric over the certification cycles, which are the most common mode of operation of the vehicle. These vehicles can also recharge the battery by using a small, high‐efficiency internal‐combustion‐engine (ICE) driving a generator when plug‐in recharge is impractical. Further improvements in battery technology within the next decade to solid‐state lithium batteries may permit double the specific energy per unit mass (<jats:italic>σ</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub>) as well as unit volume (<jats:italic>σ</jats:italic><jats:sub>v</jats:sub>). This will lead to an increment of the range and the miles‐per‐gallon‐equivalent, in other words, the energy efficiency. The economic and environmental costs of these novel BEVs are still difficult to forecast. Plug‐in HTEVs, fueled with hydrocarbon or even hydrogen fuel, and plug‐in hydrogen FCEVs, may work together with BEVs to cover the different needs of personal mobility by 2030.</jats:p>

Na Liu, Anthony R. Kovscek, Martin A. Fernø et al.

Frontiers in Energy Research • 0

<jats:p>Hydrogen can be a renewable energy carrier and is suggested to store renewable energy and mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. Subsurface storage of hydrogen in salt caverns, deep saline formations, and depleted oil/gas reservoirs would help to overcome imbalances between supply and demand of renewable energy. Hydrogen, however, is one of the most important electron donors for many subsurface microbial processes, including methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, and acetogenesis. These processes cause hydrogen loss and changes of reservoir properties during geological hydrogen storage operations. Here, we report the results of a typical halophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium growing in a microfluidic pore network saturated with hydrogen gas at 35 bar and 37°C. Test duration is 9 days. We observed a significant loss of H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> from microbial consumption after 2 days following injection into a microfluidic device. The consumption rate decreased over time as the microbial activity declined in the pore network. The consumption rate is influenced profoundly by the surface area of H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> bubbles and microbial activity. Microbial growth in the silicon pore network was observed to change the surface wettability from a water-wet to a neutral-wet state. Due to the coupling effect of H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> consumption by microbes and wettability alteration, the number of disconnected H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> bubbles in the pore network increased sharply over time. These results may have significant implications for hydrogen recovery and gas injectivity. First, pore-scale experimental results reveal the impacts of subsurface microbial growth on H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> in storage, which are useful to estimate rapidly the risk of microbial growth during subsurface H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> storage. Second, microvisual experiments provide critical observations of bubble-liquid interfacial area and reaction rate that are essential to the modeling that is needed to make long-term predictions. Third, results help us to improve the selection criteria for future storage sites.</jats:p>

O. Ibitoye, M. Onibonoje, Joseph O. Dada

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS • 2023

The transition of power generation from fossil fuel to renewable energy is a cutting-edge phase in smart grid research. Renewable energy sources (RES), such as solar, photovoltaic, and wind are gradually overtaking other sources as the most attractive alternative within the power generation and distribution systems across many nations. Reduction in the carbon footprint is a major consideration in the choice of the RES. However, the technical challenges with RES pose a significant barrier to unified integration, even though the high penetration level appears plausible. The challenges are majorly caused by the variability and unpredictability of these sources. It is therefore a stimulating task to efficiently manage the electrical power distribution systems in the face of renewable energy integration. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential of renewable energy integration and the accompanying technical challenges that include power quality issues associated with grid-tied renewable energy (GtRE). The study also recommends techniques capable of mitigating prominent power quality challenges to guarantee seamless renewable energy integration in power systems.

Paneti Anjaneya Vara Prasad, C. Dhanamjayulu

International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems • 2023

Over the years, multi-level inverter (MLI) usage has increased widely for several applications like motor drives, renewable energy source- (RES-) fed grids, and electric vehicles (EVs). In recent scenarios, the development of RES, grids, and EVs is in advanced mode, and this became the reason for innovations in recent MLI topologies. The new topologies have more advantages, unique features, and abilities to meet the advanced requirements. Therefore, these new topologies are preferable for recent applications. In this paper, a detailed review of recent MLI topologies, controllers, and PWM techniques is done by considering some physical aspects as well as some performance aspects. Also, the particular focus is on the MLI topologies, controllers, and PWM techniques for photovoltaic (PV) system-fed grids and microgrids to provide details for selecting the suitable MLI topology and PWM technique for PV systems. The detailed analysis of each topology is discussed for categorizing specific applications along with futuristic expansion aspects. The future research scope on MLI topologies for PV systems is summarized with appropriate comprehensive comparisons along with their unique features over other topologies. Also, the advanced controllers and PWM techniques are also discussed with advantages and their wide range of controlling abilities.

Rui Ma, Yayao Zhang, Ziqian Yang et al.

Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science • 2023

Synchronization stability is one of central problems in power systems, and it is becoming much more complicated with the high penetration of renewable energy and power electronics devices. In this paper, we review recent work by several nonlinear models for renewable-dominated power systems in terms of multiple timescales, in particular, grid-tied converters within the DC voltage timescale. For the simplest model, a second-order differential equations called the generalized swing equation by considering only the phase-locked loop (PLL) is obtained, which shows a similar form with the well-known swing equation for a synchronous generator in the traditional power systems. With more outer controllers included, fourth-order and fifth-order models can be obtained. The fourth-order model is called the extended generalized swing equation, exhibiting the combined function of grid synchronization and active power balance on the DC capacitor. In addition, a nonlinear model for a two coupled converter system is given. Based on these studies, we find that the PLL plays a key role in synchronization stability. In summary, the value of this paper is to clarify the key concept of the synchronization stability in renewable-dominated power systems based on different nonlinear models, which still lacks systematic studies and is controversial in the field of electrical power engineering. Meanwhile, it clearly uncovers that the synchronization stability of converters has its root in the phase synchronization concept in nonlinear sciences.

Nandini K. Krishnamurthy, J. N. Sabhahit, V. Jadoun et al.

Energies • 2023

In this work, a DC microgrid consists of a solar photovoltaic, wind power system and fuel cells as sources interlinked with the utility grid. The appropriate sizing and positioning of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) and renewable energy sources (RESs) are concurrently determined to curtail the negative impact of their placement on the distribution network’s operational parameters. The charging station location problem is presented in a multi-objective context comprising voltage stability, reliability, the power loss (VRP) index and cost as objective functions. RES and EVCS location and capacity are chosen as the objective variables. The objective functions are tested on modified IEEE 33 and 123-bus radial distribution systems. The minimum value of cost obtained is USD 2.0250 × 106 for the proposed case. The minimum value of the VRP index is obtained by innovative scheme 6, i.e., 9.6985 and 17.34 on 33-bus and 123-bus test systems, respectively. The EVCSs on medium- and large-scale networks are optimally placed at bus numbers 2, 19, 20; 16, 43, and 107. There is a substantial rise in the voltage profile and a decline in the VRP index with RESs’ optimal placement at bus numbers 2, 18, 30; 60, 72, and 102. The location and size of an EVCS and RESs are optimized by the modified teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) technique, and the results show the effectiveness of RESs in reducing the VRP index using the proposed algorithm.

Muhammad Asghar Majeed, Sotdhipong Phichisawat, Furqan Asghar et al.

IEEE Access • 2023

Grid-tied microgrids play a crucial role by connecting renewable energy sources to the main power grid, contributing to sustainability and resilience in a balanced and effective manner. However, the dynamic interplay between the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and the volatility of load fluctuations presents a multifaceted array of intricate energy management complexities. This study aims to formulate optimization techniques for energy management systems based on renewable energy resources and standalone diesel systems. The proposed system consists of a wind turbine, a photovoltaic system, a standalone diesel generator, and a battery energy storage system, along with flexible and non-flexible loads tied to the local grid. Battery energy storage acts as a primary backup system, while diesel generators act as a standalone secondary backup system. The performance of the proposed optimization technique is validated using Matlab/Simulink, substantiating its performance and robustness, thus affirming its pragmatic suitability for real-world implementation. A comparison has been made with other optimization techniques and found that the proposed technique gives enhanced efficiency, improved resource allocation, load scheduling, and greater adaptability to varying demand and supply dynamics. Moreover, the proposed system exhibits a superior ability to achieve optimal energy utilization and realize noteworthy cost savings in comparison to the alternatives that underwent evaluation.

Jingyang Fang, Han Deng, N. Tashakor et al.

IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics • 2023

Advances in the fields of renewable generation, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems push forward the research on ac–dc and dc–ac grid-tied power converters. However, the variabilities of power converters create new challenges in modeling and control. Existing state-space models fail to accurately describe various types of grid-tied converters (GTCs), particularly those with grid-supportive services, which are increasingly required by upcoming grid codes. As such, this article first proposes to classify GTCs into four basic types according to their ac and dc characteristics. Subsequently, corresponding detailed state-space models of GTCs are introduced, which serve as a useful tool for stability analysis. On top of that, this article further proposes control implementations of grid-supportive services related to active and reactive power control, including droop, inertia, and oscillation damping. Finally, simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models and grid-supportive services.

Sudipto Mondal, S. P. Biswas, Md. Rabiul Islam et al.

IEEE Access • 2023

Transformerless grid-connected inverters have attained a lot of research interest in renewable energy interface applications, due to certain promising properties like greater efficiency, light weight, affordable price, and tolerable power density. Among various types of transformerless grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) inverters, multilevel inverters (MLIs) are mostly popular due to their ability to transmit reactive power, small filter size for reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) and their common-ground (CG) configuration to mitigate the detrimental leakage current due to the parasitic capacitances of the PV array. Again, among different types of MLIs for PV systems, switched-capacitor (SC) based multilevel inverter topologies are the burning topic in current decades due to their single source requirements for producing multilevel output voltage. However, for mostly used single-phase five-level inverters, most of the existing SC based topology requires at least two SCs for power conversion. In this paper, a five-level transformerless inverter based on a single SC is proposed, requiring only seven switches, no diode, a single capacitor, and one dc voltage source. The proposed transformerless MLI also has auto-boosting capability. Notably, the number of power switches operating at high frequency is limited to three, which lowers down the switching losses of the inverter. Rather than a new single SC based five-level transformerless inverter topology, a control scheme is also presented to inject a precisely regulated current into the grid that can govern both the active and reactive power support modes. In-depth comparisons between the proposed and cutting-edge MLIs are also provided. All these claims are validated through MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS computer simulation environments. A laboratory-scaled prototype is also built and tested to support the simulated claims further and validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed five-level transformerless inverter topology.

Xilin Li, Zhen Tian, X. Zha et al.

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems • 2024

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy generators, the stability issues of grid-tied converter systems become much more important. However, due to the high nonlinearity and varying damping of converter systems, conventional transient stability analysis methods are not applicable, which may bring to conservativeness or misjudgment on stability assessment. In this paper, the transient stability of grid-tied converter systems with varying damping is investigated to provide stability boundary estimation. Firstly, considering the frequency mutation of the phase-locked loop (PLL) caused by various perturbations, a modified swing equation model of grid-tied converter systems is built, which greatly improves the mathematical model accuracy under transient disturbances. To evaluate the impacts of varying damping and frequency mutation, an iterative equal area criterion (ITEAC) method is proposed with the iterative calculation of the accelerating and decelerating area, which renders stability boundaries with high accuracy. Moreover, the impacts of controller and system parameters on stability boundaries are quantitatively analyzed. Eventually, simulation and hardware-in-loop experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed ITEAC.

Thomas Thangam, Abdul Hameed Hameed Kalifullah

Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies • 2023

<jats:p>Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming a popular alternative to gas-powered cars. These cars need “full” batteries to run. Solar-powered chargers are an exciting alternative to grid-based EV charging. These chargers give electric vehicles pollution-free electricity, which benefits the environment. Solar PV is the most popular renewable energy source. This chapter establishes a solar EV charging station, which charges EVs. Bi-directional batteries store photovoltaic (PV) energy for use during power outages. PV overproduction is transferred to the grid for later use. Cascaded interval type 2 fuzzy logic controller (CIT2FLC) boosts voltage using KY converter to track maximum photovoltaic power. To accomplish grid synchronization, a DC voltage is delivered to a grid-connected 1 phase VSI and optimized using a PI controller. During peak hours, EV gets power from the grid via 1 phase VSI, with the KY converter in buck mode. The suggested work ensures uninterrupted charging. The complete structure was tested using MATLAB Simulink and yielded 94.7% efficiency and 3.9% THD.</jats:p>

Muhammet Tahir Guneser, Abdurazaq Elbaz, Cihat Seker

Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies • 2022

<jats:p>Renewable energy systems are spread all over the world due to the security problems encountered in accessing fossil fuels, the desire to reduce the environmental damage and to respond to the rapid increase in energy demand. However, the problems are experienced in renewable energy technologies in sustainable supply and reduction of production costs. Obtaining the optimum power distribution planning between photovoltaic, wind, biomass, and other systems depending on the relevant parameters and optimizing the distribution of energy supply-demand planning among the same sources can be applied as an effective solution by using several single optimization methods or new updated hybrid versions of them. In this chapter, common methods were evaluated and an application of crow and particle swarm as a hybrid method was examined in a certain region of Libya for a PV/wind hybrid renewable power system. </jats:p>

P Sabarinath, S Poorna Chander Rao

Solar Thermal Technologies and Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for High-Efficiency Electric and Solar Mobility • 2025

<jats:p>The rapid transition toward sustainable transportation has intensified the need for innovative and energy-efficient charging infrastructures for electric vehicles (EVs). This book chapter presents a comprehensive framework for the design and optimization of solar-assisted EV charging stations integrated with thermal energy storage systems. By leveraging solar photovoltaic energy and advanced thermal storage solutions, the proposed model addresses the intermittency of renewable sources while enhancing energy reliability, demand flexibility, and operational sustainability. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT)-based architectures, smart grid functionalities, and data-driven control mechanisms enables real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and adaptive energy management. The chapter explores the role of cybersecurity, blockchain technology, and distributed energy resource management systems (DERMS) in securing and coordinating decentralized charging networks. The synergy between algorithmic intelligence and energy systems fosters an intelligent infrastructure that supports grid resilience, cost efficiency, and environmental goals. This multidisciplinary approach offers valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and engineers in advancing the development of next-generation charging ecosystems. Emphasis is placed on optimizing energy flow, ensuring secure data communication, and enabling seamless interaction between vehicles, users, and the grid, thus contributing to the realization of a sustainable, intelligent, and inclusive mobility future.</jats:p>

Sanjay R. Kumavat, Santoshchand R. Agrawal

Solar Thermal Technologies and Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for High-Efficiency Electric and Solar Mobility • 2025

<jats:p>The advancement of electric and solar vehicles demands efficient and sustainable thermal management solutions to ensure optimal battery performance, safety, and longevity. This chapter presents a comprehensive exploration of hybrid thermal management systems (HTMS) employing nano-enhanced phase change materials (nano-PCMs) as a next-generation strategy for effective battery cooling. Nano-PCMs combine the latent heat storage capability of traditional PCMs with the superior thermal conductivity of nanomaterials, thereby overcoming the limitations of conventional cooling systems. The integration of passive and active thermal control methods within HTMS is examined, highlighting improved temperature uniformity, accelerated heat dissipation, and enhanced energy efficiency under varying operational conditions. Emphasis is placed on material synthesis, thermophysical characterization, and system-level modeling of nano-PCM-based cooling architectures tailored for electric and solar-powered vehicle platforms. The role of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal oxides in augmenting the thermal performance of PCMs is analyzed, along with techno-economic considerations and real-time testing data. The chapter also addresses design challenges, environmental impacts, and future research directions in scaling nano-PCM technologies for widespread vehicular deployment. By bridging material innovation with system integration, hybrid thermal management systems present a transformative pathway for advancing battery reliability and sustainability in modern transportation.</jats:p>

T Mohankumar, M Chiranjivi

Solar Thermal Technologies and Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for High-Efficiency Electric and Solar Mobility • 2025

<jats:p>The transition toward sustainable mobility necessitates intelligent thermal energy management strategies, especially in solar-assisted hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) where fluctuating solar input and dynamic operational loads challenge system efficiency. This chapter presents a comprehensive framework integrating algorithmic intelligence and social pedagogy to optimize thermal energy storage (TES) using nano-enhanced phase change materials (Nano-PCMs). The application of advanced computational techniques—such as genetic algorithms, reinforcement learning, and hybrid optimization models—enables precise control and real-time adaptation of TES performance under variable environmental conditions. The synergistic incorporation of Nano-PCMs significantly enhances the thermal conductivity and energy density of storage systems, supporting efficient heat absorption and release during vehicular operation. The the integration of pedagogical perspectives ensures user-centric design and societal alignment, enhancing both functional reliability and public acceptance. The chapter also explores adaptive thermal regulation strategies based on solar irradiance variability, predictive modeling for battery temperature control, and multi-objective optimization for system efficiency. By bridging material science, artificial intelligence, and behavioral insights, this interdisciplinary approach advances the development of intelligent, energy-resilient transport systems. The proposed framework not only contributes to reducing fossil fuel dependency and greenhouse gas emissions but also establishes a foundation for future research in sustainable vehicular thermal management.</jats:p>

Manish Kumar, Dhana Lakshmi

Solar Thermal Technologies and Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for High-Efficiency Electric and Solar Mobility • 2025

<jats:p>The enhancement of heat transfer fluids through nanoparticle integration presents a revolutionary advancement in solar thermal energy systems, significantly improving thermal performance and system efficiency. This chapter systematically explores the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanofluids tailored for solar thermal technologies, emphasizing their superior thermal conductivity, stability, and heat capacity compared to conventional fluids. The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) frameworks further enable precise simulation, real-time monitoring, and adaptive control, optimizing energy capture and operational reliability under diverse environmental conditions. Thechapter addresses critical ethical, social, and educational dimensions, advocating for stakeholder engagement, equitable access, and transparent governance to ensure responsible deployment. By bridging nanotechnology, AI, and social pedagogy, this work establishes a comprehensive framework for advancing sustainable solar thermal solutions. The insights provided herein underscore the imperative for interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome technical challenges and promote widespread adoption of these cutting-edge innovations, contributing decisively to the global transition toward renewable energy.</jats:p>

Vikas Kumar Thakur, M.K. Gaur, G.N. Tiwari et al.

Solar Thermal Systems: Thermal Analysis and its Application • 2022

<jats:p>One-third of the Earth is covered by seawater, yet there is a constant lack of water in many places. A total of 97% of the water is present in the sea as salt water, and only 3% of water is potable, out of which only 1% of clean water reaches the people. Therefore, a device is needed that can convert salt water into clean water. Solar still is a sustainable device through which dirty and salt water can be converted into clear water. Due to the low productivity of conventional solar still; it is not popular in the market. Increasing the productivity of conventional solar still is a major challenge for researchers. Researchers are continuously working on the performance of solar still to increase its productivity. The modifications and designs made by researchers in solar still over the last ten years are encapsulated in this chapter. Solar still with PCM, nanoparticles, reflectors, collectors, external condenser, wick materials, and different angles are studied, and applications of distilled water have also been covered in this chapter.</jats:p>

Preeti Pathak, S. K. Shukla

Solar Thermal Technologies and Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for High-Efficiency Electric and Solar Mobility • 2025

<jats:p>The advancement of solar technologies hinges on the development of smart materials and coatings that optimize solar absorption and thermal conductivity, thereby enhancing overall system efficiency. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with material science presents a transformative framework for accelerating innovation through data-driven design, highthroughput screening, and predictive modeling. This chapter elucidates how AI-driven personalization enables the precise tailoring of material properties to varying environmental and operational conditions, fostering adaptive and high-performance solar energy solutions. Key challenges, including algorithmic bias, data privacy, and regulatory compliance, are critically examined to underscore the importance of ethical governance and social inclusivity in deploying AI-enhanced solar materials. Emphasizing multidisciplinary collaboration, the chapter highlights emerging computational tools and cloud-based platforms that facilitate seamless material discovery and real-world application. By bridging technical advancements with ethical and societal considerations, this comprehensive approach aims to drive equitable and sustainable energy transitions, positioning AI-enabled smart materials as pivotal components in the future of solar energy technologies.</jats:p>

Kristie Tanner, Esther Molina‐Menor, Adriel Latorre‐Pérez et al.

Microbial Biotechnology • 2020

Solar panel surfaces can be colonized by microorganisms adapted to desiccation, temperature fluctuations and solar radiation. Although the taxonomic and functional composition of these communities has been studied, the microbial colonization process remains unclear. In the present work, we have monitored this microbial colonization process during 24 months by performing weekly measurements of the photovoltaic efficiency, carrying out 16S rRNA gene high‐throughput sequencing, and studying the effect of antimicrobial compounds on the composition of the microbial biocenosis. This is the first time a long‐term study of the colonization process of solar panels has been performed, and our results reveal that species richness and biodiversity exhibit seasonal fluctuations and that there is a trend towards an increase or decrease of specialist (solar panel‐adapted) and generalist taxa, respectively. On the former, extremophilic bacterial genera Deinococcus, Hymenobacter and Roseomonas and fungal Neocatenulostroma, Symmetrospora and Sporobolomyces tended to dominate the biocenosis; whereas Lactobacillus sp or Stemphyllium exhibited a decreasing trend. This profile was deeply altered by washing the panels with chemical agents (Virkon), but this did not lead to an increase of the solar panels efficiency. Our results show that solar panels are extreme environments that force the selection of a particular microbial community.

M. A. Guerrero-Rubio, Rosalía López-Llorca, Paula Henarejos-Escudero et al.

Microbial Biotechnology • 2019

The recent interest in plant pigment betalains as bioactive compounds and chemopreventive agents has led to the search for a reliable and scalable process to obtain them. The cloning of the novel and efficient enzyme 4,5‐DOPA‐extradiol dioxygenase from Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus in an expression vector, and the subsequent heterologous expression in Escherichia coli cultures has led to the start‐up of a biotechnological production system of individual pigments. The aim of this study was to search for the optimal conditions for the production of betalamic acid in microbial factories and the scaled‐up obtention of the derived pigments. Four different betaxanthins and two betacyanins were obtained after the addition of non‐transformable amines and amino acids and their condensation with the betalamic acid produced by the dioxygenase. The scaled‐up obtention and purification of betalains improved the yields of the previous methodologies reaching quantities by up to 150 mg of pure compounds.

D. Leger, Silvio Matassa, E. Noor et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences • 2021

Significance The cultivation of microbial biomass, which is rich in proteins as well as other nutrients, can play a vital role in achieving food security while mitigating the negative environmental footprint of agriculture. Here, we analyze the efficiency associated with using solar energy for converting atmospheric CO2 derived from direct air capture into microbial biomass that can feed humans and animals. We show that the production of microbial foods outperforms agricultural cultivation of staple crops in terms of caloric and protein yields per land area at all relevant solar irradiance levels. These results suggest that microbial foods could substantially contribute to feeding a growing population and can assist in allocating future limited land resources. Population growth and changes in dietary patterns place an ever-growing pressure on the environment. Feeding the world within sustainable boundaries therefore requires revolutionizing the way we harness natural resources. Microbial biomass can be cultivated to yield protein-rich feed and food supplements, collectively termed single-cell protein (SCP). Yet, we still lack a quantitative comparison between traditional agriculture and photovoltaic-driven SCP systems in terms of land use and energetic efficiency. Here, we analyze the energetic efficiency of harnessing solar energy to produce SCP from air and water. Our model includes photovoltaic electricity generation, direct air capture of carbon dioxide, electrosynthesis of an electron donor and/or carbon source for microbial growth (hydrogen, formate, or methanol), microbial cultivation, and the processing of biomass and proteins. We show that, per unit of land, SCP production can reach an over 10-fold higher protein yield and at least twice the caloric yield compared with any staple crop. Altogether, this quantitative analysis offers an assessment of the future potential of photovoltaic-driven microbial foods to supplement conventional agricultural production and support resource-efficient protein supply on a global scale.

A. McCormick, P. Bombelli, Amanda M. Scott et al.

Energy &amp; Environmental Science • 2011

Microbial fuel cells are an emerging technology for converting organic substrates into electrical power. Recent research has shown that biofilms of some bacterial species are capable of self-mediated extracellular electron transfer. The prospect of exploiting this trait in photoautotrophic microbes that do not require an organic substrate has important implications for the future development of renewable solar energy technologies. Here we report on light-driven electrical power generated with biofilms grown from photosynthetic fresh water or marine species without the addition of an artificial electron-shuttling mediator. Green alga (Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella tertiolecta) or cyanobacteria (Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Synechococcus sp. WH 5701) strains were grown directly on a transparent, conductive anode (indium tin oxide-coated polyethylene terephthalate) and power generation under light and dark conditions was evaluated using a single-chamber bio-photovoltaic cell (BPV) system. Increased power outputs were observed for all strains upon illumination, with the largest light effect observed for Synechococcus (maximum 10.3 mW m−2 total power output recorded under 10 W m−2 white light). Further experiments conducted with Synechococcus and C. vulgaris showed that photosynthetic oxygen evolution rates were consistent with BPV power outputs under different light regimes (red, green and blue light), indicating a direct link between power output and photosynthetic activity. Biofilm power generation in these BPV devices was self-sustained for several weeks and was highly sensitive to ambient light levels. When connected in series, four BPVs (each 0.011 m2) generated enough power to run a commercial digital clock.

Jiufu Luo, Zhongxin Luo, Wen Li et al.

Agronomy • 2024

The co-allocation of photovoltaic arrays with crops presents a promising strategy to mitigate the conflict between photovoltaics and agricultural land. However, there is a notable lack of quantitative research on the impact of agrivoltaic system on land quality in fragile areas. In this study, peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were cultivated in photovoltaic array in the dry–hot valley of southwest China, with an off-site native land serving as the control. Sixteen soil physicochemical and biochemical parameters were measured in the gap and under-panel and control area. Results demonstrated that the agrivoltaic system significantly enhanced soil moisture, organic carbon, nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium nutrients, microbial biomass, and urease activity. It also led to varying degrees of increase in soil pH and electrical conductivity, along with reduced soil sucrase and phosphatase activity. In comparison to the control, the agrivoltaic system notably improved soil quality and multifunctionality. Specially, gap cultivation had a more pronounced positive impact on soil quality than under-panel cultivation, and the cultivation of peanuts had a greater effect on soil quality and multifunctionality improvement than ryegrass. This study provides fundamental data to support the improvement of land quality in photovoltaic developed regions, and to alleviate the conflict between photovoltaics and agricultural land.

L. Nadimuthu, K. Victor, Mohit Bajaj et al.

Scientific Reports • 2025

Agriculture constitutes a foundational pillar of the Indian economy, contributing nearly 18% to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and ranking second globally in horticultural output. Beyond its economic significance, the sector underpins rural employment, food security, and a wide range of agro-based downstream industries. Despite these strengths, Indian agriculture continues to encounter critical bottlenecks—most notably, post-harvest losses in fruits, which are estimated to range between 6.02% and 15.05%. These losses are predominantly attributed to the lack of accessible and decentralized cold storage infrastructure. Maintaining optimal temperature and humidity levels throughout the cold chain is essential to curtail physicochemical degradation and suppress microbial growth, both of which substantially diminish the quality and shelf life of perishable produce. This study introduces a solar photovoltaic (PV)-driven micro cold storage (MCS) system, specifically engineered for seamless integration with electric vehicles (EVs) to effectively mitigate post-harvest losses in perishable agricultural commodities. The research undertakes a comprehensive performance evaluation of the proposed system, which employs a thermoelectric cooling mechanism powered entirely by solar energy. Emphasis is placed on assessing the system’s thermal, electrical, and microbial preservation capabilities under both static and dynamic operational conditions, highlighting its potential for sustainable and mobile cold chain applications in rural agricultural contexts. The system comprises a 100 Wp polycrystalline solar photovoltaic (PV) module, which supplies power to a 12 V/6A shunt-configured thermoelectric cooler with a 12 L storage capacity via a 12 V/8A solar charge controller. Functioning as an off-grid refrigeration unit, the system is supported by a 12 V/40Ah battery energy storage system. The experimental analysis focuses on assessing the shelf life of Vitis vinifera (grapes) over a one-week storage period by measuring physiological loss in weight (PLW) as the key parameter for evaluating storage efficiency. The refrigeration chamber maintains a controlled temperature range of + 2 °C to + 8 °C. Findings indicate a controlled weight reduction of up to 87.6% in refrigerated grapes compared to those stored under ambient conditions. Also, the system’s performance to maintain proper storage conditions during short-distance transportation (six hours) is evaluated to demonstrate effective farm-to-market connectivity through electric vehicle utilization. The study evaluates the electrical and thermal performance of a system for renewable energy-integrated electric vehicle applications. It also investigates the effectiveness of a solar-powered modified controlled storage (MCS) system in preventing microbial growth and maintaining agro-produce quality during storage and transport. The microbial load, including bacterial, fungal, and yeast populations, was quantified using colony-forming unit (CFU) counts per millilitre to evaluate the system’s efficacy in ensuring food safety. The findings underscore the environmental sustainability and practical applicability of the MCS system in the preservation of perishable agricultural produce. By enabling access to affordable, reliable, and renewable energy sources, the system directly contributes to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7, while simultaneously addressing food waste reduction and improving the efficiency and resilience of agro-supply chains.

Mostefaoui Z, Amara S

Physical Science &amp; Biophysics Journal • 0

<jats:p>With the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, renewable energies have become a promising solution to reduce global warming and pollution. One of the government’s goals is to introduce renewable energy in all sectors, especially the agricultural sector, which relies heavily on fossil fuels to operate milking cooling systems and other systems. This article presents a real study on the feasibility and efficiency of Grid connected PV system on a dairy farm, in Tlemcen province. It’s a typical farm that consumes about 42MWh / year of electrical energy. On this basis, we will dimension the system using the HOMER software, to feed this farm. A Grid connected PV system of 30W could produce 54.03MWh/yr, with Renewable Fraction of 53%, and 28.54kWh/yr was generated from the PV array, and 25.44kWh/yr is the amount of electricity purchased by the grid, while, the energy injected into the grid was estimated at 8.430 MWh/yr. In order to show the feasibility of this system we will proposed another system based on diesel generator, so that we can economically compare between the two systems, the lowest net present cost (NPC) of Diesel system of 25kW was estimated at 826$, with a cost of energy (COE) of 1.51$/kWh, while, the highest net present cost (NPC) of PV-Grid system (40kW) is 233$, and the cost of energy (COE) is 0.42$/ kWh. Therefore, this study shows the effectiveness of the grid-PV system in economic and environmental terms, thus, the use of this system in most dairy farms in Algeria contributes to the development of national agricultural production.</jats:p>

Kwangbok Jeong, Taehoon Hong, Choongwan Koo et al.

Applied Sciences • 0

<jats:p>This study aims to design and develop the prototype models of the smart photovoltaic system blind (SPSB). To achieve this objective, the study defined the properties in three ways: (i) the photovoltaic (PV) panel; (ii) the tracking system; and (iii) the monitoring system. First, the amorphous silicon PV panel was determined as a PV panel, and the width and length of the PV panel were determined to be 50 mm and 250 mm, respectively. Second, the four tracker types (i.e., fixed type, vertical single-axis tracker, horizontal single-axis tracker, and azimuth-altitude dual-axis tracker) was applied, as well as the direct tracking method based on the amount of electricity generated as a tracking system. Third, the electricity generation and environmental conditions were chosen as factors to be monitored in order to evaluate and manage the technical performance of SPSB as a monitoring system. The prototype model of the SPSB is designed and developed for providing the electricity generated from its PV panel, as well as for reducing the indoor cooling demands through the blind’s function, itself (i.e., blocking out sunlight).</jats:p>

Nexhmi Krasniqi, Armend Ymeri

Interciencia • 2025

<jats:p>This study assesses the capacity of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems for Autonomous Irrigation in Kosovo, evaluating the feasibility and effectiveness of solar power in meeting the energy demands of agricultural water management. The study quantifies the potential of PV Systems to sustainably power Autonomous Irrigation technologies, considering Kosovo's unique geographical and climatic conditions. Key factors such as PV System efficiency, reliability under varying weather conditions, and economic viability compared to conventional energy sources are analysed. In practice, average daily solar radiation, often expressed as "peak sun hours" (kWh/m²/day), is a critical parameter for estimating PV energy generation. Geographic Information System (GIS) tools are employed to identify peak solar radiation periods, particularly in June, July, and August, when irrigation demand is highest. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the integration of renewable energy solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability in Kosovo.</jats:p>

Cui Li, Jinxian Liu, Jiabing Bao et al.

Land • 0

<jats:p>The large-scale construction of photovoltaic (PV) panels causes heterogeneity in environmental factors, such as light, precipitation, and wind speed, which may lead to microhabitat climate changes that may affect ecosystems. In this study, plant–soil–microbial systems in shady and non-shady gaps of PV panels in a solar park in Northern China were investigated. The shading caused by the PV panels significantly affected the alpha diversity of plant and fungal communities (p &lt; 0.05). The compositions of plant and soil microbial (bacteria, fungi, and protists) communities were significantly different between shady and non-shady areas (p &lt; 0.05), and the beta diversity of the plant community was significantly correlated with that of the soil microbial community (p &lt; 0.05). Shading enhanced the complexity of microbial communities by strengthening the associations among soil microbes. Photosynthetically active radiation was the main driving factor in the assembly of aboveground and belowground communities on a small scale, and it indirectly shaped the microbial community through its effects on the plant community. This study highlights the important effects of light on microbial community formation and on the relationships among communities in plant–soil–microbial systems. Thus, the effects of solar park establishment on degraded ecosystems should be considered.</jats:p>

Atıl Emre Cosgun, Hasan Demir

Energies • 0

<jats:p>Photovoltaic (PV) modules have emerged as a promising technology in the realm of sustainable energy solutions, specifically in the harnessing of solar energy. Photovoltaic modules, which use solar energy to generate electricity, are often used on terrestrial platforms. In recent years, there has been an increasing inclination towards the installation of photovoltaic (PV) modules over water surfaces, including lakes, reservoirs, and even oceans. The novel methodology introduces distinct benefits and complexities, specifically pertaining to the thermal characteristics of the modules. In order to accomplish this objective, a photovoltaic (PV) module system with a capacity of 1 MW was developed as a scenario in the PVsyst Program. The scenario simulation was conducted on the Mamasın Dam, situated in the Gökçe village within the Aksaray province. To conduct the efficiency analysis, a comparative evaluation was conducted between bifacial and monofacial modules, which were installed from above the water at 1 m. The comparison was made considering two different types of modules. Additionally, the albedo effect, water saving amount, and CO2 emissions of the system were also investigated. Albedo measurements were made in summer when the PV power plant will operate most efficiently. As a result of the simulations, it was found that bifacial modules produce 12.4% more energy annually than monofacial modules due to the albedo effect. It is estimated that PV power plant installation will save 19,562.695 and 17,253.475 tons of CO2 emissions in bifacial and monofacial systems, respectively.</jats:p>

Yuanzheng Li, Zhixian Ni, Tianyang Zhao et al.

IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications • 2020

Electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy, such as wind power, have been widely utilized to meet the sustainable development of our society. To this end, research articles on the operation performance of the EV-wind integrated power system are important. This article proposes a coordinated scheduling model, which aims to improve the wind power adsorption while considering the energy conservation and emission reduction of thermal generators. Besides, to conduct a comprehensive investigation among these multiple objectives, we formulate the coordinated scheduling model as a multiobjective optimization problem. Then, a multiobjective optimization algorithm based on a parameter adaptive differential evolution is proposed to solve this problem. Simulation results based on a modified Midwestern USA power system verify that the proposed scheduling model could reveal the relationship among multiple objectives, and the integration of EVs can improve the wind power adsorption and cost effectiveness of the power system.

Md. Shafiul Alam, Tanzib Chowdhury, Abhishak Dhar et al.

Energies • 2023

A paradigm shift in power systems is observed due to the massive integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) as distributed generators. Mainly, solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind generators are extensively integrated with the modern power system to facilitate green efforts in the electrical energy sector. However, integrating these RESs destabilizes the frequency of the modern power system. Hitherto, the frequency control has not drawn sufficient attention due to the reduced inertia and complex control of power electronic converters associated with renewable energy conversion systems. Thus, this article provides a critical summary on the frequency control of solar PV and wind-integrated systems. The frequency control issues with advanced techniques, including inertia emulation, de-loading, and grid-forming, are summarized. Moreover, several cutting-edge devices in frequency control are outlined. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to control the frequency of high-level RESs integrated systems are well documented. The possible improvements of existing approaches are outlined. The key research areas are identified, and future research directions are mentioned so that cutting-edge technologies can be adopted, making the review article unique compared to the existing reviews. The article could be an excellent foundation and guidance for industry personnel, researchers, and academicians.

Tamarana S V S Pavan Teja, S. K. Prince, M. R. et al.

2022 4th International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment (ICEPE) • 2022

This work presents grid-tied wind power generating system (WPGS) with a shunt active power filter (SAPF) is put forward for compensation of reactive power, balancing of grid current, correction of power factor and reduction current harmonics. Perturbation and observation (P&O) based MPPT is implemented to control the boost converter and achieve the maximum power from the WEGS. The proposed controller is used to send the maximum power from the renewable energy system to the critical loads with unity power factor. The proposed controller is implemented using MATLAB/Simulink platform under several test conditions such as balanced grid voltages, grid voltage sag & swell and dynamic load condition. Finally, the suggested control scheme’s dynamic performance is determined to be good, and the THD analysis of grid currents is found to be well within IEEE 519 limits.

J. Rao, B. Bhalja, M. Andreev et al.

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery • 2022

Integration of wind-based renewable energy sources into long Extra High Voltage/Ultra High Voltage uncompensated/compensated power transmission network poses significant problems in terms of proper detection of power swings and effective discrimination between symmetrical faults and power swing situations. As the existing protection strategies are unable to detect the said circumstances, a novel technique, based on the difference between sending end and receiving end positive sequence currents angles of the transmission line, is proposed in this paper. The required data is collected with the help of Phasor Measurement Units placed on both sides of the line. The scheme results in effective discrimination between distinct faults and circumstances of asymmetrical/symmetrical power swing and achieves satisfactory outcome during current transformer saturation condition. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on the wind-integrated IEEE-9 bus system by producing power swings, various cases of faults, and faults during power swings. Validation of the suggested technique was carried out by the execution of hardware-in-loop simulation on a Real-Time Digital Simulator. The achieved outcomes disclose higher sensitivity and better discriminating ability of the presented technique in comparison with those of numerous prevailing methods.

M. Varan, A. Erduman, Furkan Menevşeoğlu

Energies • 2023

Keeping the bus voltage within acceptable limits depends on dispatching reactive power. Power quality improves as a result of creating an effective power flow system, which also helps to reduce power loss. Therefore, optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) studies aim at designing appropriate system configurations to enable a reliable operation of power systems. Establishment of such a configuration is handled through control variables in power systems. Various control variables, such as adjusting generator bus voltages, transformer tap locations, and switchable shunt capacitor sizes, are utilized to achieve this objective. Additionally, the integration of wind power can greatly impact power quality and mitigate power loss. In this study, the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) approach was applied to the ORPD issue for the first time to discover the best placement of newly installed wind power in the power system while taking into account tap changer settings, shunt capacitor sizes, and generated power levels. The main objective was to determine optimal wind placement to minimize power loss and voltage deviation, while maintaining control variables within specified limits. On the basis of IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems, the performance of the proposed method was investigated. The results demonstrated the superiority of GWO in multiple scenarios. In IEEE-30, GWO outperformed the PSO, GA, ABC, OGSA, HBMO, and HFA methods, reducing total loss by 10.36%, 18.03%, 9.19%, 7.13%, 5.23%, and 7.73%, respectively, and voltage deviation by 68.00%, 1.59%, 36.34%, 41.97%, 46.29%, and 71.08%, respectively. In wind integration scenarios, GWO achieved the simultaneous reduction of power loss and voltage deviation. In IEEE-118, GWO outperformed the ABC, PSO, GSA, and CFA methods, reducing power loss by approximately 19.91%, 16.83%, 14.09%, and 4.36%, respectively, and voltage deviation by 8.50%, 14.15%, 16.19%, and 7.17%, respectively. These promising results highlighted the potential of the GWO algorithm to facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources, and its role in promoting sustainable energy solutions. In addition, this study conducted an analysis to investigate site-specific wind placement by using the Weibull distribution function and commercial wind turbines.