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Hafiz Abdul Kareem, Mohd Faheem Khan
This review synthesizes advances in microbial consortia-based bioremediation of PFAS-contaminated soils and groundwater. It addresses the exceptional persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances due to strong C–F bonds (485 kJ/mol) and proposes that microbial consortia overcome individual isolate limitations through metabolic complementarity, cross-feeding, and ecological resilience. The paper integrates enzymatic mechanisms (oxygenases, reductive dehalogenases, hydrolases), multi-omics approaches, machine learning, and emerging bioelectrochemical and phytoremediation strategies within a unified conceptual framework for scalable field applications.
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Soil contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represents a pressing environmental and public health concern due to the exceptional persistence of carbon–fluorine bonds, which prevent natural attenuation and limit the effectiveness of conventional remediation. Agricultural and industrial soils serve as long-term sinks for PFAS, continuously releasing these pollutants into groundwater and facilitating their transfer through the food chain. Conventional chemical and physical remediation methods are often costly, energy-intensive, and yield incomplete removal, underscoring the need for sustainable and biologically driven alternatives. Microbial consortia have emerged as a promising solution due to their metabolic complementarities, cross-feeding interactions, and ecological resilience, which together enable PFAS transformation and partial defluorination under complex soil and subsurface conditions. Key enzymes such as oxygenases, reductive dehalogenases, and hydrolases are often operating within co-metabolic networks, which play central roles in these processes. Advances in metagenomics, CRISPR-based functional screening, and metabolic modelling are rapidly uncovering novel PFAS-degrading microbes and pathways. Integration of machine learning with multi-omics and environmental datasets further enables the prediction of degradation mechanisms, identification of keystone degraders, and rational design of synthetic consortia. Emerging sustainable strategies, including biochar- and nutrient-amended soil microcosms, plant–microbe partnerships for coupled soil–groundwater phytoremediation, and bioelectrochemical systems that offer new avenues for enhancing PFAS biodegradation in situ. This review synthesises recent research progress and provides critical perspectives on the mechanistic, ecological, and engineering dimensions of PFAS bioremediation, proposing an integrated conceptual framework linking microbial consortia dynamics, enzymatic pathways, and environmental engineering interventions to guide scalable field applications and sustainable management of PFAS-contaminated soil–groundwater ecosystems.